硅橡膠是指主(zhu)鏈由硅(gui)和氧(yang)(yang)原子(zi)(zi)交(jiao)替構成(cheng)(cheng)，硅(gui)原子(zi)(zi)上(shang)通常(chang)連有(you)(you)兩個有(you)(you)機(ji)基(ji)團(tuan)的橡(xiang)(xiang)膠。普通的硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠主(zhu)要由含甲基(ji)和少量乙烯基(ji)的硅(gui)氧(yang)(yang)鏈節組成(cheng)(cheng)。苯基(ji)的引(yin)入(ru)可(ke)(ke)提高硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐高、低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，三氟丙(bing)基(ji)及(ji)氰基(ji)的引(yin)入(ru)則可(ke)(ke)提高硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐溫(wen)及(ji)耐油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠耐低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)良(liang)好，一般在(zai)(zai)-55℃下(xia)仍能(neng)(neng)工作。引(yin)入(ru)苯基(ji)后，可(ke)(ke)達(da)-73℃。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也(ye)很突出(chu)，在(zai)(zai)180℃下(xia)可(ke)(ke)長(chang)期工作，稍高于(yu)200℃也(ye)能(neng)(neng)承受數周或(huo)更長(chang)時間仍有(you)(you)彈性(xing)(xing)，瞬時可(ke)(ke)耐300℃以上(shang)的高溫(wen)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的透(tou)(tou)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)好，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)透(tou)(tou)過率在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物中是較高的。此外，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠還具(ju)有(you)(you)生理惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)、不會導致凝(ning)血的突出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)，因此在(zai)(zai)醫用領域應用廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)的(de)方法很多(duo)，通(tong)常按固(gu)化(hua)前的(de)形態(tai)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)固(gu)體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和液體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫化(hua)溫(wen)度分(fen)(fen)為(wei)室溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所用單體的(de)不(bu)同，可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)甲(jia)基乙烯基硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基苯基乙烯基硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等；按性能和用途(tu)的(de)不(bu)同又可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)通(tong)用型、超(chao)(chao)耐(nai)低(di)溫(wen)型、超(chao)(chao)耐(nai)高溫(wen)型、高強力型、耐(nai)油型、醫用型等等。

發展史

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)早期(qi)是由美(mei)國(guo)以三氯化(hua)鐵為催化(hua)劑合成(cheng)的(de)。1945年，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)產品(pin)問世。1948年，采用高比表面積的(de)氣相法白炭黑補強(qiang)的(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)研(yan)制成(cheng)功(gong)，使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)性能(neng)躍(yue)升到實用階段，奠定了現代硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產技術的(de)基礎。從二甲基二氯硅(gui)(gui)烷合成(cheng)開始生(sheng)(sheng)產硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)國(guo)家有(you)美(mei)國(guo)。俄羅斯、德國(guo)、日(ri)本、韓國(guo)和中(zhong)國(guo)等。中(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)工業化(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)始于(yu)1957年，多家研(yan)究(jiu)所和企業陸續開發出各種硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。到2003年底(di)，中(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產能(neng)力為135千(qian)噸，其中(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)(jiao)100千(qian)噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)(gao)溫硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)指聚(ju)硅(gui)氧(yang)烷變成(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)體(ti)的(de)(de)過(guo)程是(shi)(shi)經過(guo)高(gao)(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)型的(de)(de)。它主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)高(gao)(gao)分子量的(de)(de)聚(ju)甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)氧(yang)烷為生膠(jiao)(jiao)，混入(ru)補(bu)強(qiang)填(tian)料(liao)、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑等，在加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)加(jia)(jia)(jia)壓下硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)體(ti)。硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)補(bu)強(qiang)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)(de)白炭(tan)黑，可(ke)使(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度增加(jia)(jia)(jia)數十倍。有時為了降低成(cheng)本(ben)或(huo)(huo)改(gai)善膠(jiao)(jiao)料(liao)性(xing)能及賦予硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)性(xing)能，也加(jia)(jia)(jia)入(ru)相應(ying)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑。硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑是(shi)(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有機過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)或(huo)(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)成(cheng)反(fan)應(ying)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑。

加工(gong)成型(xing)方法如圖所示。一次硫化(hua)(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進行(xing)高分子(zi)鏈的(de)交(jiao)聯反應；二(er)次硫化(hua)(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進行(xing)補充交(jiao)聯、驅(qu)除硫化(hua)(hua)劑分解產物和其他(ta)揮發(fa)性化(hua)(hua)合物以穩定硫化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)的(de)各項(xiang)性能(neng)。常用(yong)的(de)設備有開放式煉膠(jiao)機、捏合機及真空密煉機。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著的(de)特(te)征是高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅是天然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)一(yi)半，但在200℃以上的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)環境下(xia)(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一(yi)定的(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回(hui)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面硬(ying)度(du)，且力學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明(ming)顯變化(hua)。（2）低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)玻(bo)璃化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)一(yi)般為(wei)-70~-50℃，特(te)殊(shu)配方可達-100℃，表明(ming)其(qi)低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優異。這對(dui)航空、宇航工(gong)業(ye)的(de)意義重(zhong)大。（3）耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧、臭氧及(ji)紫外線等十分穩(wen)定，在不(bu)加任何添加劑的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，就具有(you)(you)優良的(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)(you)優異的(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)電(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)電(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非常(chang)好(hao)。（5）物理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)物理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)比(bi)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但在150℃的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)，其(qi)物理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優于通(tong)(tong)用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)油及(ji)化(hua)學(xue)試(shi)劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通(tong)(tong)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)(you)中等的(de)耐(nai)油、耐(nai)溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣(qi)體透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空氣(qi)、氮、氧、二氧化(hua)碳等氣(qi)體的(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)天然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出(chu)30-50倍。（8）生(sheng)理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅(xiu)，與人體組織不(bu)粘連，具有(you)(you)抗凝(ning)血作用(yong)，對(dui)肌體組織的(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非常(chang)少。特(te)別適合作為(wei)醫用(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中(zhong)國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)協會統計(ji)，2012年(nian)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)產銷分別達到(dao)1927.18萬輛和1930.64萬輛，同比分別增(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的用(yong)量約達2.0萬t。根據觀(guan)研天下的新研究，增(zeng)加(jia)有機(ji)硅(gui)材料在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)零部件(jian)方(fang)面的用(yong)量，可以大(da)幅度提高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的安全性能，因此，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)產量和單車(che)(che)(che)用(yong)量水平的提高(gao)都將(jiang)(jiang)推動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)對硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)需求的增(zeng)加(jia)。國(guo)家(jia)鼓勵自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品(pin)牌(pai)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)發展，關(guan)鍵汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)零部件(jian)實(shi)現(xian)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)化，《2012年(nian)度黨政(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)公務用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)選用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)型目錄(lu)（征求意見稿）》為(wei)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品(pin)牌(pai)擴(kuo)大(da)在政(zheng)府采(cai)購的市(shi)場份額，為(wei)改(gai)變(bian)目前國(guo)內(nei)政(zheng)府采(cai)購以合資(zi)品(pin)牌(pai)產品(pin)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的局(ju)面提供了(le)保障。促進自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品(pin)牌(pai)發展，國(guo)產汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的繁榮將(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)膠(jiao)的應用(yong)提供有力保障。預測未來3年(nian)，我國(guo)室溫硫(liu)化硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)以年(nian)均20%增(zeng)長。

此(ci)外，硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)非石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，約占非石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)消(xiao)費量的(de)(de)98%。但(dan)因為(wei)石油(you)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)幅上漲(zhang)，同(tong)時我國(guo)在(zai)硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)原料有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單體的(de)(de)生(sheng)產技(ji)術方面取得(de)突破，有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單體的(de)(de)生(sheng)產技(ji)術在(zai)2005年前被幾家跨國(guo)公司(si)壟斷(duan)，但(dan)目前我國(guo)已(yi)發展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)球有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單體第(di)1大(da)(da)(da)國(guo)，這(zhe)2個(ge)方面原因使硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)從2011年起開(kai)始(shi)低于石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，僅約為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)宗石油(you)基(ji)(ji)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)廉(lian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，并(bing)開(kai)始(shi)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模替代石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。這(zhe)將(jiang)極大(da)(da)(da)拓展(zhan)有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)產業的(de)(de)市場空間(jian)，同(tong)時將(jiang)帶動硅(gui)(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)(gui)烷偶聯(lian)劑(ji)和(he)硅(gui)(gui)樹脂等其他有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)產品的(de)(de)消(xiao)費。