硅橡膠是指主(zhu)(zhu)鏈由硅(gui)和氧原子交替構(gou)成，硅(gui)原子上(shang)通(tong)常連有(you)兩個(ge)有(you)機基(ji)(ji)團的(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)主(zhu)(zhu)要由含(han)甲基(ji)(ji)和少(shao)量乙烯基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)氧鏈節組(zu)成。苯(ben)基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)入可(ke)(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)高(gao)、低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，三氟丙基(ji)(ji)及氰基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)入則可(ke)(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)溫(wen)(wen)及耐(nai)油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)耐(nai)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)良好(hao)(hao)，一(yi)般在-55℃下(xia)仍(reng)(reng)能(neng)(neng)工(gong)作。引(yin)(yin)入苯(ben)基(ji)(ji)后，可(ke)(ke)達(da)-73℃。硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也很突出，在180℃下(xia)可(ke)(ke)長期工(gong)作，稍高(gao)于(yu)200℃也能(neng)(neng)承受數周或更長時間仍(reng)(reng)有(you)彈性(xing)(xing)，瞬時可(ke)(ke)耐(nai)300℃以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，氧氣透過(guo)率在合成聚合物中是較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)。此外，硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)還(huan)具有(you)生理惰性(xing)(xing)、不會導致凝(ning)血的(de)(de)(de)突出特性(xing)(xing)，因此在醫(yi)用領域應用廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)的方法(fa)很多，通常按(an)固化(hua)前的形(xing)態分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)固體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)和(he)液(ye)體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)；按(an)硫化(hua)溫(wen)度(du)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)室溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)，高(gao)溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)；按(an)所用(yong)(yong)單體的不同，可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甲基(ji)乙(yi)(yi)烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)，甲基(ji)苯基(ji)乙(yi)(yi)烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)等；按(an)性能和(he)用(yong)(yong)途的不同又可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)通用(yong)(yong)型、超耐(nai)低溫(wen)型、超耐(nai)高(gao)溫(wen)型、高(gao)強力型、耐(nai)油型、醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)型等等。

發展史

硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)早期(qi)是(shi)由美國(guo)(guo)以(yi)三氯化鐵為(wei)催化劑合(he)(he)成的。1945年，硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)產(chan)品問世。1948年，采用高(gao)比表面積的氣相法(fa)白炭黑補強的硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)研(yan)制(zhi)成功，使硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的性能(neng)躍升(sheng)到實用階段，奠定了現代硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)生(sheng)產(chan)技術的基礎。從二(er)甲基二(er)氯硅(gui)烷合(he)(he)成開始生(sheng)產(chan)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)有美國(guo)(guo)。俄羅(luo)斯、德(de)國(guo)(guo)、日本、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)和中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)等。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的工(gong)業化研(yan)究(jiu)始于1957年，多家(jia)(jia)研(yan)究(jiu)所和企業陸續開發出各種(zhong)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)。到2003年底，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)生(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)力為(wei)135千噸，其中(zhong)高(gao)溫(wen)膠(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)溫硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)指(zhi)聚(ju)硅氧烷(wan)(wan)變(bian)成(cheng)彈性(xing)體的(de)過(guo)(guo)程是(shi)經過(guo)(guo)高(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)型的(de)。它主要以高(gao)分子量的(de)聚(ju)甲基乙烯基硅氧烷(wan)(wan)為生膠(jiao)(jiao)，混入(ru)(ru)補強(qiang)填料、硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)等，在(zai)加(jia)熱加(jia)壓下硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)彈性(xing)體。硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)補強(qiang)主要是(shi)各種(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)白炭黑，可使硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強(qiang)度增(zeng)加(jia)數十倍。有時為了降低成(cheng)本或(huo)改善(shan)膠(jiao)(jiao)料性(xing)能及賦予硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)各種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)性(xing)能，也加(jia)入(ru)(ru)相應(ying)的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)添加(jia)劑(ji)。硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)是(shi)各種(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)過(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物或(huo)加(jia)成(cheng)反應(ying)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)。

加工成型方(fang)法如圖(tu)所示(shi)。一(yi)次硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)是進(jin)行高分子鏈的(de)(de)交聯(lian)反應(ying)；二次硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)是進(jin)行補充交聯(lian)、驅除硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑分解產物和其他揮發性化(hua)(hua)合(he)物以穩定硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠的(de)(de)各項性能。常用的(de)(de)設備(bei)有開放式煉膠機(ji)、捏合(he)機(ji)及真空密煉機(ji)。

主要性能

（1）高溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征是高溫(wen)(wen)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然常溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅是天(tian)(tian)然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合(he)成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一半(ban)，但在200℃以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表(biao)面(mian)硬度(du)，且力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無明顯變(bian)化(hua)。（2）低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃(li)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)一般為-70~-50℃，特(te)殊配方(fang)可達-100℃，表(biao)明其(qi)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)異。這對航空、宇航工業的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)重大。（3）耐(nai)候(hou)(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對氧、臭氧及紫外線等(deng)十分(fen)穩定(ding)(ding)，在不加(jia)任何添加(jia)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，就(jiu)具有(you)(you)(you)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)候(hou)(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)(you)(you)優(you)異的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)電暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)電弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非(fei)(fei)常好。（5）物理機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)比(bi)通用橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)，但在150℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)，其(qi)物理機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)于通用橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)油及化(hua)學試(shi)劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普(pu)通硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)(you)(you)中等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)油、耐(nai)溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對空氣、氮(dan)、氧、二氧化(hua)碳等(deng)氣體的(de)(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)天(tian)(tian)然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高出30-50倍。（8）生理惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無毒，無味，無嗅(xiu)，與人體組織(zhi)不粘(zhan)連(lian)，具有(you)(you)(you)抗(kang)凝血作用，對肌體組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)(fei)常少。特(te)別適合(he)作為醫(yi)用材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據(ju)(ju)中國汽車(che)工(gong)(gong)業協會(hui)統計，2012年(nian)(nian)，汽車(che)產銷分別達(da)到1927.18萬(wan)輛和1930.64萬(wan)輛，同(tong)比分別增(zeng)長(chang)4.63%和4.33%，汽車(che)工(gong)(gong)業硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)用(yong)量(liang)約達(da)2.0萬(wan)t。根據(ju)(ju)觀研(yan)天下的(de)新研(yan)究，增(zeng)加有(you)機硅(gui)材料(liao)在(zai)(zai)汽車(che)零部(bu)件方(fang)面的(de)用(yong)量(liang)，可以(yi)大(da)幅度提(ti)(ti)高(gao)汽車(che)的(de)安(an)全性能，因此(ci)，汽車(che)產量(liang)和單(dan)車(che)用(yong)量(liang)水平的(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)都將推動汽車(che)工(gong)(gong)業對硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠需(xu)求的(de)增(zeng)加。國家鼓勵(li)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌的(de)汽車(che)發(fa)展，關(guan)(guan)鍵汽車(che)零部(bu)件實現自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)化，《2012年(nian)(nian)度黨政機關(guan)(guan)公(gong)務用(yong)車(che)選用(yong)車(che)型目(mu)錄（征(zheng)求意見稿(gao)）》為自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌擴(kuo)大(da)在(zai)(zai)政府采(cai)購的(de)市(shi)場(chang)份額，為改變目(mu)前國內(nei)政府采(cai)購以(yi)合資品牌產品為主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)局面提(ti)(ti)供了(le)保障。促(cu)進自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌發(fa)展，國產汽車(che)業的(de)繁榮將為汽車(che)膠的(de)應用(yong)提(ti)(ti)供有(you)力保障。預測未來3年(nian)(nian)，我國室(shi)溫硫(liu)化硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠在(zai)(zai)汽車(che)行業將以(yi)年(nian)(nian)均20%增(zeng)長(chang)。

此外，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)重(zhong)要的非石(shi)(shi)(shi)油基(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，約(yue)占非石(shi)(shi)(shi)油基(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)消費(fei)量的98%。但(dan)因為石(shi)(shi)(shi)油價格的大(da)幅上漲，同時(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)在硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的關鍵原(yuan)料有機硅(gui)(gui)單體的生產技(ji)術方(fang)面取得突破，有機硅(gui)(gui)單體的生產技(ji)術在2005年前(qian)被幾(ji)家跨國(guo)(guo)公司(si)壟(long)斷，但(dan)目前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)已發展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為全球有機硅(gui)(gui)單體第1大(da)國(guo)(guo)，這(zhe)2個方(fang)面原(yuan)因使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的價格從2011年起開始低于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油基(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，僅約(yue)為大(da)宗石(shi)(shi)(shi)油基(ji)(ji)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為廉價的合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，并開始大(da)規模替代石(shi)(shi)(shi)油基(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。這(zhe)將(jiang)極大(da)拓(tuo)展有機硅(gui)(gui)產業的市場空間，同時(shi)(shi)將(jiang)帶動硅(gui)(gui)油、硅(gui)(gui)烷偶聯劑(ji)和硅(gui)(gui)樹脂等其他有機硅(gui)(gui)產品的消費(fei)。