清洗液中使用表面活性劑作(zuo)(zuo)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)劑(ji),降低清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)及污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)間界面(mian)張(zhang)力,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)首先(xian)(xian)可潤濕污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)表(biao)面(mian),使(shi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膨潤,然后滲透到污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之間,使(shi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分散。污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)如屬油(you)(you)(you)類,則油(you)(you)(you)脂先(xian)(xian)形(xing)成球狀(zhuang)聚集在金(jin)屬表(biao)面(mian),表(biao)面(mian)活性劑(ji)擠入,使(shi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)金(jin)屬表(biao)面(mian)脫(tuo)離,移(yi)至清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)。本(ben)來不(bu)溶(rong)解的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)粒子(zi),在表(biao)面(mian)活性劑(ji)膠束中(zhong)包圍而“增(zeng)溶(rong)”于(yu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong),不(bu)會(hui)再吸附到金(jin)屬表(biao)面(mian)上。在洗(xi)(xi)滌時,如有(you)機械力作(zuo)(zuo)用,就有(you)助于(yu)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)脫(tuo)離金(jin)屬表(biao)面(mian),提高清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)效(xiao)果(guo)。由(you)表(biao)面(mian)活性劑(ji)制備的(de)(de)(de)乳狀(zhuang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)除(chu)了具(ju)有(you)上述清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)作(zuo)(zuo)用外,還根(gen)據溶(rong)劑(ji)相似溶(rong)解原理,內相油(you)(you)(you)相的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在將使(shi)其對油(you)(you)(you)污(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)作(zuo)(zuo)用大大增(zeng)強。理想的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)乳狀(zhuang)液(ye)(ye)(ye),一般(ban)具(ju)有(you)以下(xia)四個特性:
(1)乳狀液穩(wen)定,油相對(dui)油污(wu)溶解能力強(qiang);
(2)油相粘(zhan)度低,終易于水洗(xi)干凈;
(3)油相好無(wu)揮發(fa)性、無(wu)毒、清洗過(guo)程不會(hui)產生污(wu)染;
(4)容易破乳回收(shou),再生利用。
堿(jian)性(xing)表面活性(xing)劑溶液雖具有(you)潤濕乳化分散(san)與增溶等(deng)性(xing)能(neng),對去除(chu)輕油垢(gou)、重油垢(gou)有(you)較大(da)(da)(da)能(neng)力,但(dan)去除(chu)含積炭瀝青較多的(de)焦(jiao)(jiao)油垢(gou)的(de)能(neng)力較差(cha),這時應加(jia)入(ru)有(you)機溶劑,一種是(shi)兩親的(de)醇類(lei),如異丙醇,會使膠束增大(da)(da)(da),有(you)利于(yu)非極性(xing)有(you)機物插入(ru)膠束“柵(zha)欄”間,使清除(chu)焦(jiao)(jiao)油垢(gou)能(neng)力大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)增強。