目前，化學驅油是國內主要三次采油的主要方法，在化學驅油中為適用的是表面活性劑。許(xu)多(duo)專家和學者在實際工作經(jing)驗的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，對(dui)油田的(de)(de)驅面活性劑提出(chu)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，概括為以下幾個特點：? ???

1）表面(mian)活(huo)性劑對油水界(jie)面(mian)活(huo)性高、油水界(jie)面(mian)的(de)降低(di)能力強，使油與水界(jie)面(mian)張力低(di)于10.2?mN／m，具有(you)一定程度的(de)溶解性，濁點不受PH值的(de)影響或(huo)有(you)較小的(de)影響。? ??

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2）表(biao)面活性劑與巖(yan)石(shi)表(biao)面之間的相(xiang)互作用小，在巖(yan)石(shi)表(biao)面上(shang)的吸(xi)附能力弱或不易吸(xi)附。

3）表面活性劑溶(rong)于地層水中(zhong)，具有較(jiao)大的(de)擴散速(su)度(du)，但抗稀釋(shi)能(neng)力較(jiao)強(qiang)，即表面活性劑濃度(du)降(jiang)低，從(cong)而降(jiang)低油(you)水界面張力的(de)能(neng)力或變小，驅油(you)效果更好(hao)。

4）具(ju)有良好的(de)穩(wen)定性，和其他化學劑或(huo)注入水(shui)、底層物(wu)質(zhi)不發生反應，沒(mei)有裂(lie)解(jie)降解(jie)反應。

5）在驅油過程(cheng)中，考(kao)慮表面活性劑驅油系統的配伍性問題和油藏開(kai)發(fa)程(cheng)度(du)之間的關系。? ?

6）表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)適應驅油(you)(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)溫(wen)度和礦化度度條(tiao)件(jian)，具(ju)有很(hen)高的(de)耐溫(wen)抗鹽能力。不同(tong)類(lei)型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)的(de)方法(fa)有很(hen)多，常見的(de)類(lei)型(xing)是(shi)在水溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)親(qin)水性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)離子基團(tuan)的(de)結構(gou)，分(fen)(fen)為陰離子、陽離子、兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)離子、非離子型(xing)和混合型(xing)5種類(lei)型(xing)；根據分(fen)(fen)子量(liang)大小分(fen)(fen)類(lei)，可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為低(di)分(fen)(fen)子的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（分(fen)(fen)子量(liang)300）和高分(fen)(fen)子表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（分(fen)(fen)子量(liang)為1000以上(shang)）；按(an)(an)照(zhao)對(dui)三次采油(you)(you)(you)(you)技(ji)術的(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)條(tiao)件(jian)對(dui)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)要求，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為耐鹽的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)系(xi)、耐溫(wen)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)系(xi)，抗鹽耐高溫(wen)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)系(xi)和特殊地層條(tiao)件(jian)下表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)系(xi)；按(an)(an)照(zhao)來源分(fen)(fen)類(lei)，可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為天然表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，合成表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)；根據溶(rong)(rong)解性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為水溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和油(you)(you)(you)(you)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。?