生物表面活性劑是一些(xie)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(細菌、真菌、酵母等(deng))的次級代謝產物(wu)(wu),大量聚(ju)集在培(pei)養液中(zhong),使(shi)培(pei)養液表面(mian)(mian)張力、臨界膠束濃度等(deng)物(wu)(wu)理(li)化學性(xing)質發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)顯著的變化。研究者通常采用高(gao)密度發酵法使(shi)培(pei)養液中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)劑含量達到大,然后通過分離純化得到表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)劑成品,并應用在環境污染治理(li)等(deng)方面(mian)(mian),取得了不錯的效果(guo)。
生(sheng)物表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)除了具有(you)(you)一般化學(xue)(xue)表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)所具有(you)(you)的特性(xing)外(增溶、乳(ru)化、降低溶液表(biao)面(mian)張力(li)等),還具有(you)(you)一些特殊的化學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能,如酸堿穩定性(xing)、熱穩定性(xing)、抗(kang)菌性(xing)能等。
生物(wu)(wu)表(biao)面活性劑可以顯(xian)著降(jiang)低溶液的表(biao)面張(zhang)力,該參數適(shi)合定(ding)量表(biao)征表(biao)面活性劑的含(han)量。Angeles等研究了假單(dan)胞菌降(jiang)解菲時的代謝副(fu)產物(wu)(wu)鼠李(li)糖(tang)脂的化學性質,該類物(wu)(wu)質能將純水的表(biao)面張(zhang)力由72.3 mN/m降(jiang)到18.7 mN/m。
臨界膠(jiao)束(shu)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(CMC)是指生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑分子(zi)在溶劑中締(di)合(he)形成(cheng)膠(jiao)束(shu)時的低(di)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度,當溶液(ye)達到臨界膠(jiao)束(shu)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度時,溶液(ye)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力(li)降(jiang)低(di)到低(di)值(zhi)(zhi),此時若再提(ti)高表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度,溶液(ye)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力(li)不(bu)再降(jiang)低(di)而(er)是形成(cheng)大(da)(da)量膠(jiao)團(tuan),不(bu)利(li)于(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑發揮(hui)作(zuo)用。李鏡等研究發現環脂肽類生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑的CMC值(zhi)(zhi)為0.139g/L,此時純(chun)水(shui)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力(li)由72.3mN/m降(jiang)低(di)到低(di)值(zhi)(zhi)29.9mN/m,之后(hou)若再提(ti)高生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度,則溶液(ye)中會出現大(da)(da)量膠(jiao)團(tuan)。
生物表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑還具有良好(hao)(hao)的(de)乳化(hua)特性(xing),且乳化(hua)性(xing)能(neng)穩定(ding)。張秋卓等利用(yong)一株(zhu)銅(tong)綠假單(dan)胞菌(jun)產鼠(shu)李糖(tang)脂(zhi)類生物表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑,它不(bu)僅能(neng)使發酵(jiao)液表(biao)面(mian)張力從初始值70.3 mN/m降至34.2 mN/m,且240h內均能(neng)保持較好(hao)(hao)的(de)乳化(hua)穩定(ding)性(xing)。
此(ci)外,生物(wu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)酸堿穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)、熱穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)和抗菌(jun)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)出了(le)優于化學表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)。胡申(shen)才等(deng)利(li)用(yong)一株(zhu)假(jia)單胞菌(jun)產(chan)(chan)脂肽類生物(wu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji),在(zai)(zai)(zai)pH值2.0~10.0范圍(wei)內,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)張(zhang)力(li)均比較穩(wen)定;且在(zai)(zai)(zai)溫度(du)20~120℃范圍(wei)內,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)張(zhang)力(li)無明顯(xian)變(bian)化,可以(yi)耐(nai)受120℃高溫2h,具(ju)有極強(qiang)的(de)高溫耐(nai)受性(xing)(xing)(xing)。Swaranjit等(deng)利(li)用(yong)銅綠假(jia)單胞菌(jun)(Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10)產(chan)(chan)鼠李糖脂M7混合(he)物(wu),在(zai)(zai)(zai)濃(nong)度(du)16~32 mg/L范圍(wei)內,這種(zhong)混合(he)物(wu)具(ju)有很強(qiang)的(de)抗霉(mei)菌(jun)活(huo)(huo)(huo)力(li)。