表面活性劑是指在較(jiao)低(di)(di)濃度時,即能顯著降低(di)(di)液體表(biao)面張力,改變體系界面狀態,從而產生潤(run)濕、乳(ru)化、起泡(pao)、增溶等作用的物質。
分類方法:
1)按照離(li)子類型分(fen)類:分(fen)為(wei)非(fei)離(li)子型表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、離(li)子型表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji),其中(zhong)離(li)子型表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)又可以分(fen)為(wei)陰離(li)子表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、陽離(li)子表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、兩性表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。
2)按親水基的結構(gou)分類:羧酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)、磺酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)、硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)、磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)、胺鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)、季銨鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、鎓鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)(鏻、鉮、硫、碘鎓化合(he)物(wu))、多羥基型(xing)、聚氧乙烯型(xing)。
3)按(an)疏水(shui)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)種類分(fen)類:直鏈、支(zhi)鏈烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(碳原子(zi)數為(wei)8~20)、烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、萘基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)碳原子(zi)數為(wei)8~16)、松(song)香衍(yan)生物、高分(fen)子(zi)量聚(ju)環氧(yang)丙烯基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、長鏈全氟(或高氟代(dai))烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、聚(ju)硅氧(yang)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、全氟聚(ju)環氧(yang)丙烷(wan)(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(低(di)分(fen)子(zi)量)。
4)按表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的特殊性(xing)(xing)分(fen)類:碳氟表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)、含硅表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)、高分(fen)子表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)、生(sheng)物表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)、冠醚型表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。
在兩相(xiang)(特別(bie)是(shi)氣(qi)-液)界(jie)面(mian)上,處處存(cun)在著一種(zhong)張力(li),這(zhe)種(zhong)力(li)垂(chui)直與(yu)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)邊(bian)界(jie),指向液體方向并與(yu)表(biao)面(mian)相(xiang)切。把(ba)作用于單位(wei)(wei)邊(bian)界(jie)線上的(de)這(zhe)種(zhong)力(li)稱(cheng)為表(biao)面(mian)張力(li),用 g 或 s 表(biao)示。表(biao)面(mian)張力(li)的(de)單位(wei)(wei)通常為N/m. 表(biao)面(mian)活性:因溶質(zhi)在表(biao)面(mian)發生吸附(正吸附)而使溶液表(biao)面(mian)張力(li)降低的(de)性質(zhi)被稱(cheng)為表(biao)面(mian)活性。
界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)指兩相接觸的(de)約幾個分子厚度的(de)過渡區,若其中一相為(wei)氣(qi)體(ti),這種界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)通常稱(cheng)為(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)包括氣(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),氣(qi)-固(gu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),液(ye)(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),液(ye)(ye)(ye)-固(gu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),固(gu)-固(gu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)包括表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)屬于(yu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),如氣(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)成(cheng)為(wei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),氣(qi)-固(gu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)常成(cheng)為(wei)固(gu)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。