穩定粘土分防止粘土礦物膨脹和防止粘土礦物微粒運移兩個方面。防止粘土膨脹可用,如胺鹽型、季銨鹽型、吡啶鹽型、咪唑啉鹽等陽離子表面活性劑。防止粘土礦物(wu)顆粒運移可用的有含氟的非(fei)離子—陽離子表面活性劑。
開采含蠟(la)(la)原油,需要經常進(jin)行防蠟(la)(la)和清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)。表(biao)面活性劑(ji)作為防蠟(la)(la)劑(ji)和清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)劑(ji)。
防(fang)蠟用(yong)(yong)的有油(you)溶表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)和水溶性(xing)(xing)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。前(qian)者通過改變蠟晶表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的性(xing)(xing)質而起防(fang)蠟作用(yong)(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的油(you)溶性(xing)(xing)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)石油(you)磺酸鹽(yan)(yan)和胺型表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。水溶性(xing)(xing)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)通過改變結蠟表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(如油(you)管(guan)、抽油(you)桿及(ji)設備表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian))的性(xing)(xing)質而起防(fang)蠟作用(yong)(yong)。可(ke)用(yong)(yong)的表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)有烷基磺酸鈉、季銨鹽(yan)(yan)、烷烴聚氧(yang)乙烯醚(mi)、芳(fang)烴聚氧(yang)乙烯醚(mi)及(ji)其(qi)它們的磺酸鈉鹽(yan)(yan)等。
清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)用(yong)的(de)表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)也分(fen)兩個方面(mian)(mian),油(you)溶性(xing)用(yong)于油(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji),水溶性(xing)的(de)磺酸鹽(yan)型(xing)(xing)、季銨鹽(yan)型(xing)(xing)、聚(ju)醚型(xing)(xing)、吐溫型(xing)(xing)、OP型(xing)(xing)表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)、硫酸酯鹽(yan)化(hua)或磺烴(jing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)的(de)平(ping)平(ping)加型(xing)(xing)與(yu)OP型(xing)(xing)表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)等用(yong)于水基(ji)(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)。近年來(lai),國內外將清(qing)(qing)防蠟(la)(la)(la)有機(ji)地結(jie)(jie)合(he)起(qi)(qi)來(lai),還(huan)將油(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)和水基(ji)(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)有機(ji)地結(jie)(jie)合(he)起(qi)(qi)來(lai),生(sheng)產出(chu)混(hun)合(he)型(xing)(xing)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)種(zhong)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)以(yi)芳(fang)香烴(jing)和混(hun)合(he)芳(fang)香烴(jing)作油(you)相,以(yi)具有清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)作用(yong)的(de)乳(ru)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)作水相。當(dang)選擇(ze)的(de)這(zhe)種(zhong)乳(ru)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)為具有適當(dang)濁(zhuo)點的(de)非離子型(xing)(xing)表面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)時,就可使它(ta)在(zai)油(you)井結(jie)(jie)蠟(la)(la)(la)段以(yi)下溫度達到或超過它(ta)的(de)濁(zhuo)點,從而(er)使這(zhe)種(zhong)混(hun)合(he)型(xing)(xing)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji)在(zai)進入結(jie)(jie)蠟(la)(la)(la)段前破乳(ru),分(fen)出(chu)兩種(zhong)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)劑(ji)(ji),同時起(qi)(qi)清(qing)(qing)蠟(la)(la)(la)作用(yong)。
為了提(ti)高酸(suan)化效(xiao)果,一(yi)般在酸(suan)液(ye)中(zhong)需加入(ru)多種添加劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。凡能同酸(suan)液(ye)配伍并易被地層吸附的(de)表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),均可(ke)作為酸(suan)化緩速劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。如(ru)陽離(li)子表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)脂肪胺鹽(yan)(yan)酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)、季銨鹽(yan)(yan)、吡(bi)啶鹽(yan)(yan)和兩(liang)性(xing)表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)磺酸(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)化、羧甲基化、磷酸(suan)酯(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)化或硫酸(suan)酯(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)化的(de)聚氧乙烯烷(wan)基苯(ben)酚醚等。