硅橡膠是(shi)指主鏈(lian)由硅(gui)(gui)和氧(yang)原子交替構成，硅(gui)(gui)原子上(shang)通常連有(you)兩個有(you)機基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團的(de)(de)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)。普(pu)通的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)主要由含甲基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和少量乙烯基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)氧(yang)鏈(lian)節組(zu)成。苯(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)引(yin)入可(ke)(ke)(ke)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)高(gao)(gao)、低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)能(neng)，三氟丙基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及氰基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)引(yin)入則(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)及耐(nai)油(you)性(xing)能(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)耐(nai)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)能(neng)良(liang)好，一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)-55℃下(xia)仍(reng)能(neng)工(gong)作。引(yin)入苯(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)后，可(ke)(ke)(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)熱性(xing)能(neng)也很突出，在(zai)(zai)(zai)180℃下(xia)可(ke)(ke)(ke)長期工(gong)作，稍高(gao)(gao)于200℃也能(neng)承受(shou)數周(zhou)或更長時間(jian)仍(reng)有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)，瞬時可(ke)(ke)(ke)耐(nai)300℃以上(shang)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)好，氧(yang)氣(qi)透過率在(zai)(zai)(zai)合成聚合物中是(shi)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)。此外(wai)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)還具有(you)生理惰性(xing)、不會導(dao)致凝血的(de)(de)突出特性(xing)，因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)醫用領域(yu)應用廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)類的(de)方法很(hen)多，通常按固化(hua)前(qian)的(de)形態分(fen)(fen)為(wei)固體(ti)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和(he)液(ye)體(ti)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫化(hua)溫度(du)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)室溫硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高(gao)(gao)溫硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所(suo)用單(dan)體(ti)的(de)不同，可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)甲(jia)基(ji)乙烯(xi)基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基(ji)苯(ben)基(ji)乙烯(xi)基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等；按性能和(he)用途的(de)不同又可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)通用型、超耐(nai)低(di)溫型、超耐(nai)高(gao)(gao)溫型、高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)力(li)型、耐(nai)油型、醫用型等等。

發展史

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早期是(shi)由美國(guo)(guo)以(yi)三氯(lv)化(hua)鐵(tie)為催化(hua)劑合(he)成(cheng)的(de)。1945年(nian)(nian)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產品(pin)問世。1948年(nian)(nian)，采用(yong)高(gao)比表(biao)面(mian)積的(de)氣相法白炭黑補強的(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)研制成(cheng)功(gong)，使硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)性(xing)能躍升到實用(yong)階段，奠定了現代硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產技術(shu)的(de)基礎。從二(er)甲基二(er)氯(lv)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)烷合(he)成(cheng)開始(shi)生(sheng)產硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家有美國(guo)(guo)。俄羅斯、德(de)國(guo)(guo)、日本、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)和中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)等。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)工(gong)業(ye)化(hua)研究始(shi)于(yu)1957年(nian)(nian)，多(duo)家研究所和企業(ye)陸續開發出各種硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。到2003年(nian)(nian)底，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產能力為135千噸，其(qi)中(zhong)高(gao)溫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高溫硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)是指聚(ju)硅(gui)氧烷(wan)變成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)體(ti)的過(guo)程是經過(guo)高溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)型的。它主要(yao)以(yi)高分子量的聚(ju)甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)氧烷(wan)為(wei)生膠(jiao)，混入補強填料(liao)、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑等，在加(jia)熱加(jia)壓下硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)體(ti)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的補強主要(yao)是各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)類型的白炭黑(hei)，可使硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)的強度增加(jia)數十倍。有(you)時為(wei)了降(jiang)低成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)或(huo)改善膠(jiao)料(liao)性(xing)能(neng)及賦予硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)特殊(shu)的性(xing)能(neng)，也加(jia)入相(xiang)應的各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)添加(jia)劑。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑是各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)機過(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物或(huo)加(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)反(fan)應催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑。

加(jia)工成型方法如(ru)圖所示(shi)。一次硫(liu)化的目(mu)的是進(jin)行高分子鏈的交聯反應(ying)；二次硫(liu)化的目(mu)的是進(jin)行補充(chong)交聯、驅(qu)除硫(liu)化劑分解產物(wu)和(he)其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化合物(wu)以穩(wen)定硫(liu)化膠的各項性(xing)能。常用的設(she)備(bei)有開放式(shi)煉(lian)膠機、捏(nie)合機及真(zhen)空密煉(lian)機。

主要性能

（1）高溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)顯著的(de)特征是高溫(wen)(wen)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然(ran)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強度(du)僅(jin)是天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)或某些合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)一半，但在(zai)200℃以上的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)環境下(xia)(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)保持一定的(de)柔韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表(biao)(biao)面硬度(du)，且力學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)無(wu)(wu)明顯變化(hua)(hua)。（2）低溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)玻璃化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)一般為-70~-50℃，特殊配方(fang)可達-100℃，表(biao)(biao)明其(qi)低溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)優異(yi)。這對(dui)航空(kong)、宇航工業的(de)意義重大(da)。（3）耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧、臭氧及紫(zi)外線等十分(fen)穩定，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)加任何添加劑的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，就具(ju)有(you)優良(liang)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)優異(yi)的(de)絕(jue)緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)(nai)電(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)(nai)電(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)非常(chang)好。（5）物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)比通用(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)差，但在(zai)150℃的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)低溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)，其(qi)物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)優于通用(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)(nai)油及化(hua)(hua)學(xue)試劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普(pu)通硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)中等的(de)耐(nai)(nai)油、耐(nai)(nai)溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體(ti)透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空(kong)氣、氮、氧、二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)等氣體(ti)的(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)高出(chu)30-50倍。（8）生理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)(wu)毒，無(wu)(wu)味(wei)，無(wu)(wu)嗅，與人體(ti)組(zu)織(zhi)不(bu)(bu)粘(zhan)連，具(ju)有(you)抗(kang)凝血作用(yong)(yong)，對(dui)肌體(ti)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非常(chang)少。特別適合作為醫用(yong)(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中國汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)協會統(tong)計，2012年(nian)(nian)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)銷分別達到1927.18萬輛和1930.64萬輛，同比分別增長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)用量(liang)約(yue)達2.0萬t。根據觀研(yan)天(tian)下的(de)(de)新研(yan)究，增加有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)材料在(zai)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)件方面的(de)(de)用量(liang)，可以大(da)幅度(du)提高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)安全性能，因此，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)量(liang)和單(dan)車(che)(che)(che)(che)用量(liang)水平(ping)的(de)(de)提高(gao)都將推動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)對(dui)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)需求的(de)(de)增加。國家鼓勵自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品牌的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發展，關鍵汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)(ling)部(bu)件實現自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)化(hua)，《2012年(nian)(nian)度(du)黨(dang)政機關公(gong)務(wu)用車(che)(che)(che)(che)選用車(che)(che)(che)(che)型目(mu)錄(lu)（征求意見稿(gao)）》為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品牌擴大(da)在(zai)政府采購的(de)(de)市場份額，為(wei)(wei)(wei)改變目(mu)前國內政府采購以合(he)資品牌產(chan)品為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)局面提供了保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。促進自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品牌發展，國產(chan)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)業(ye)的(de)(de)繁榮(rong)將為(wei)(wei)(wei)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)應用提供有(you)力保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。預測(ce)未(wei)來(lai)3年(nian)(nian)，我國室溫硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)在(zai)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)行業(ye)將以年(nian)(nian)均20%增長。

此外(wai)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)非石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)，約(yue)占非石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)消(xiao)費(fei)量(liang)的(de)98%。但因為石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)價(jia)格的(de)大(da)幅上漲，同(tong)時我國(guo)在硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)關鍵原(yuan)料有(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單體的(de)生產技(ji)術(shu)方面取得突破，有(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單體的(de)生產技(ji)術(shu)在2005年前被幾家(jia)跨(kua)國(guo)公司壟斷，但目前我國(guo)已發展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)為全球有(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單體第1大(da)國(guo)，這(zhe)2個方面原(yuan)因使硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)價(jia)格從(cong)2011年起開(kai)始低于石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)，僅(jin)約(yue)為大(da)宗石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)為廉價(jia)的(de)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)，并開(kai)始大(da)規模替代石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)。這(zhe)將極(ji)大(da)拓展(zhan)有(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產業的(de)市場空(kong)間，同(tong)時將帶(dai)動(dong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)油(you)(you)、硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)烷偶聯劑和硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)樹(shu)脂等其他有(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產品(pin)的(de)消(xiao)費(fei)。