硅橡膠是(shi)指主鏈(lian)由硅(gui)(gui)(gui)和氧原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)交(jiao)替構成(cheng)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)通常連有兩個(ge)有機基團(tuan)的(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。普(pu)通的(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)主要由含甲基和少量乙烯(xi)基的(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)氧鏈(lian)節組成(cheng)。苯基的(de)引(yin)入(ru)可(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐高(gao)、低(di)溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，三氟丙(bing)基及氰(qing)基的(de)引(yin)入(ru)則可(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐溫(wen)及耐油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)耐低(di)溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)良好(hao)，一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)-55℃下仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)工(gong)(gong)作。引(yin)入(ru)苯基后，可(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐熱(re)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也很突出，在(zai)(zai)(zai)180℃下可(ke)長期(qi)工(gong)(gong)作，稍高(gao)于200℃也能(neng)(neng)承受(shou)數周或(huo)更(geng)長時(shi)間仍(reng)有彈性(xing)(xing)，瞬時(shi)可(ke)耐300℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，氧氣(qi)透過率在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)成(cheng)聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)中是(shi)較高(gao)的(de)。此外，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)還具有生(sheng)理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)、不會導致凝血(xue)的(de)突出特性(xing)(xing)，因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)醫用(yong)領域應用(yong)廣(guang)泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)的(de)方法很多，通常按固化前的(de)形(xing)態分(fen)(fen)為(wei)固體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和(he)液體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫化溫度(du)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)室溫硫化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高溫硫化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所(suo)用單(dan)體的(de)不(bu)同，可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)乙烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)苯基(ji)(ji)乙烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)；按性能和(he)用途的(de)不(bu)同又可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)通用型、超耐(nai)低(di)溫型、超耐(nai)高溫型、高強力型、耐(nai)油型、醫用型等(deng)等(deng)。

發展史

硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早(zao)期是由美國(guo)(guo)(guo)以三氯化(hua)鐵為催化(hua)劑合成的。1945年(nian)(nian)，硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產品問世(shi)。1948年(nian)(nian)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高比(bi)表面積的氣(qi)相法白炭黑(hei)補強的硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)研制成功，使硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的性(xing)能(neng)躍升到實(shi)用(yong)(yong)階段，奠定了現代(dai)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生產技術的基礎(chu)。從二甲(jia)基二氯硅(gui)烷合成開(kai)始(shi)生產硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)家有(you)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)。俄(e)羅斯、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本(ben)、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)和中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的工業化(hua)研究(jiu)始(shi)于(yu)1957年(nian)(nian)，多家研究(jiu)所(suo)和企業陸續開(kai)發(fa)出各種(zhong)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。到2003年(nian)(nian)底，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生產能(neng)力為135千(qian)噸(dun)，其中(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)100千(qian)噸(dun)。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高溫硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)聚硅氧烷變(bian)成(cheng)彈性(xing)體的(de)(de)過程是(shi)(shi)經(jing)過高溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)型的(de)(de)。它主要(yao)以(yi)高分子量的(de)(de)聚甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅氧烷為生膠(jiao)(jiao)，混(hun)入(ru)補強(qiang)填料(liao)(liao)、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑等，在加熱加壓下硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)彈性(xing)體。硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)補強(qiang)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)白炭黑，可使硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)增(zeng)加數十倍。有時為了降低成(cheng)本或(huo)改善膠(jiao)(jiao)料(liao)(liao)性(xing)能(neng)及賦予硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)，也加入(ru)相應的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)添加劑。硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑是(shi)(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)過氧化(hua)(hua)物或(huo)加成(cheng)反應催化(hua)(hua)劑。

加工成型(xing)方(fang)法如圖所示。一次硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進行(xing)高分子鏈的(de)交聯(lian)反應；二次硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進行(xing)補(bu)充交聯(lian)、驅除硫(liu)化(hua)劑分解產物(wu)(wu)和其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)以(yi)穩定硫(liu)化(hua)膠的(de)各項(xiang)性(xing)能。常用的(de)設備有開放式(shi)煉(lian)膠機、捏合機及(ji)真空(kong)密煉(lian)機。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然(ran)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)僅是天(tian)然(ran)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合成橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一半，但(dan)(dan)在200℃以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環境下，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能保(bao)持(chi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和表面硬度(du)，且(qie)力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能無(wu)(wu)明(ming)顯變化。（2）低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃(li)化溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)一般為-70~-50℃，特殊配(pei)方可(ke)達-100℃，表明(ming)其低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能優異。這對(dui)(dui)航空(kong)(kong)、宇航工業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義重(zhong)大。（3）耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)、臭氧(yang)及(ji)紫(zi)外線等十分(fen)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，在不(bu)加任何添加劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，就具有(you)優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，耐(nai)電(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)電(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非(fei)常好。（5）物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能比通用(yong)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但(dan)(dan)在150℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和-50℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下，其物理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能優于通用(yong)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)油及(ji)化學試劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)中(zhong)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)油、耐(nai)溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。（7）氣體(ti)透(tou)過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)(dui)空(kong)(kong)氣、氮(dan)、氧(yang)、二氧(yang)化碳等氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)透(tou)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天(tian)然(ran)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍。（8）生理(li)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)(wu)毒(du)，無(wu)(wu)味，無(wu)(wu)嗅，與人體(ti)組織(zhi)不(bu)粘(zhan)連，具有(you)抗(kang)凝(ning)血作(zuo)用(yong)，對(dui)(dui)肌體(ti)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)常少。特別(bie)適合作(zuo)為醫用(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)協會統計(ji)，2012年(nian)(nian)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)產銷分別達到1927.18萬輛和1930.64萬輛，同比分別增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)用量約達2.0萬t。根(gen)據觀研(yan)天下的(de)新研(yan)究，增(zeng)(zeng)加有機硅(gui)(gui)材料在(zai)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)零(ling)部件(jian)方(fang)面的(de)用量，可以大(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)安全性能，因(yin)此(ci)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)產量和單車(che)(che)用量水平的(de)提(ti)高(gao)都(dou)將(jiang)推動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)對硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加。國(guo)家鼓勵(li)自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品(pin)(pin)牌的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發展(zhan)，關鍵(jian)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)零(ling)部件(jian)實現自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)化(hua)，《2012年(nian)(nian)度(du)黨政機關公務(wu)用車(che)(che)選用車(che)(che)型目錄（征(zheng)求(qiu)(qiu)意(yi)見稿）》為自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品(pin)(pin)牌擴(kuo)大(da)在(zai)政府采(cai)購(gou)的(de)市(shi)場份額，為改變目前國(guo)內政府采(cai)購(gou)以合資品(pin)(pin)牌產品(pin)(pin)為主(zhu)的(de)局面提(ti)供了(le)保障(zhang)。促進自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)品(pin)(pin)牌發展(zhan)，國(guo)產汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的(de)繁榮將(jiang)為汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)應(ying)用提(ti)供有力保障(zhang)。預測未來3年(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)室溫硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)以年(nian)(nian)均20%增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。

此外，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)重要的(de)非(fei)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，約(yue)占非(fei)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)消(xiao)費量的(de)98%。但因(yin)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)價(jia)格的(de)大(da)幅上(shang)漲(zhang)，同(tong)時我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)關鍵原料(liao)有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)方面取得突破，有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)2005年(nian)前被幾家跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)公(gong)司壟(long)斷，但目(mu)前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)發展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)全球有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)第1大(da)國(guo)(guo)，這(zhe)2個方面原因(yin)使(shi)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)價(jia)格從2011年(nian)起開始低于石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，僅約(yue)為(wei)大(da)宗石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)廉價(jia)的(de)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，并開始大(da)規模替代石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。這(zhe)將極大(da)拓展有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)產(chan)(chan)業的(de)市場空間，同(tong)時將帶(dai)動硅(gui)(gui)油(you)(you)、硅(gui)(gui)烷偶(ou)聯(lian)劑(ji)和硅(gui)(gui)樹脂等其他有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)消(xiao)費。