硅橡膠是指主鏈由硅(gui)(gui)和氧(yang)(yang)原(yuan)子交替構(gou)成(cheng)，硅(gui)(gui)原(yuan)子上通(tong)常連有兩個有機基(ji)團的(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。普通(tong)的(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)主要由含(han)甲(jia)基(ji)和少量(liang)乙(yi)烯(xi)基(ji)的(de)硅(gui)(gui)氧(yang)(yang)鏈節組成(cheng)。苯基(ji)的(de)引入(ru)可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐(nai)高(gao)、低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，三氟(fu)丙基(ji)及氰(qing)基(ji)的(de)引入(ru)則(ze)可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐(nai)溫(wen)及耐(nai)油性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)耐(nai)低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)良好(hao)，一般(ban)在-55℃下仍能(neng)工作。引入(ru)苯基(ji)后，可(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)耐(nai)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)也(ye)很突出(chu)，在180℃下可(ke)長期工作，稍(shao)高(gao)于200℃也(ye)能(neng)承(cheng)受數周或更(geng)長時(shi)間(jian)仍有彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)，瞬時(shi)可(ke)耐(nai)300℃以上的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)透過率(lv)在合(he)成(cheng)聚(ju)合(he)物中(zhong)是較高(gao)的(de)。此外(wai)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)還(huan)具(ju)有生理惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)、不(bu)會導(dao)致凝血的(de)突出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)，因此在醫用(yong)領(ling)域應用(yong)廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)分類(lei)的(de)(de)方法(fa)很多，通常按固(gu)化前的(de)(de)形態分為(wei)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和(he)(he)液體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)；按硫(liu)化溫度分為(wei)室溫硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，高(gao)溫硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)；按所用單體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)，可分為(wei)甲基乙烯基硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，甲基苯基乙烯基硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等；按性能(neng)和(he)(he)用途的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)又(you)可分為(wei)通用型(xing)(xing)、超(chao)耐低溫型(xing)(xing)、超(chao)耐高(gao)溫型(xing)(xing)、高(gao)強力型(xing)(xing)、耐油型(xing)(xing)、醫用型(xing)(xing)等等。

發展史

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)早期是由(you)美國(guo)以(yi)三氯(lv)化(hua)鐵為(wei)催(cui)化(hua)劑合成的。1945年(nian)(nian)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)產(chan)(chan)品問(wen)世。1948年(nian)(nian)，采用高比表面積的氣相法白炭黑(hei)補強的硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)研(yan)制成功(gong)，使硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)躍(yue)升到實用階段，奠定了(le)現代(dai)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)生產(chan)(chan)技術的基礎。從二甲基二氯(lv)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)烷合成開始生產(chan)(chan)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的國(guo)家(jia)有美國(guo)。俄羅斯、德國(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)等。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的工業化(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)始于1957年(nian)(nian)，多家(jia)研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)和企業陸續開發出各種硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。到2003年(nian)(nian)底，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)生產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)力為(wei)135千噸，其中(zhong)(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)溫硫(liu)化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡膠是(shi)(shi)指聚硅(gui)(gui)氧烷(wan)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)彈性(xing)體的(de)過(guo)程是(shi)(shi)經過(guo)高(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型的(de)。它主(zhu)要以高(gao)分(fen)子量的(de)聚甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)氧烷(wan)為(wei)生膠，混入(ru)補(bu)(bu)強填料(liao)、硫(liu)化(hua)劑(ji)等，在加(jia)(jia)熱加(jia)(jia)壓下硫(liu)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)彈性(xing)體。硅(gui)(gui)橡膠的(de)補(bu)(bu)強主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)白炭黑，可使硫(liu)化(hua)膠的(de)強度增加(jia)(jia)數十倍。有時為(wei)了降低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本或(huo)改善膠料(liao)性(xing)能(neng)及(ji)賦予硫(liu)化(hua)膠各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)特殊的(de)性(xing)能(neng)，也(ye)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)相應的(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)。硫(liu)化(hua)劑(ji)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)過(guo)氧化(hua)物或(huo)加(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反應催化(hua)劑(ji)。

加工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)方法如圖所示(shi)。一次硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的目的是(shi)進(jin)行高分子鏈的交聯(lian)反應；二次硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的目的是(shi)進(jin)行補充交聯(lian)、驅除硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑分解產物和其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物以穩(wen)定(ding)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)的各項性(xing)能。常用的設(she)備有開放式煉(lian)(lian)膠(jiao)機(ji)、捏合(he)機(ji)及真空(kong)密煉(lian)(lian)機(ji)。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)特征是高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅是天然橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某些合(he)成橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)半，但(dan)在(zai)200℃以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)保持(chi)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和表(biao)面(mian)硬度(du)，且力(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明顯變化。（2）低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)玻璃(li)化溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)一(yi)般為-70~-50℃，特殊配方可達-100℃，表(biao)明其低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)異。這對(dui)航空(kong)、宇航工業的(de)(de)(de)意義重(zhong)大(da)。（3）耐(nai)(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧(yang)、臭(chou)氧(yang)及(ji)紫外線等十(shi)分(fen)穩(wen)定，在(zai)不(bu)加任何(he)添加劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，就具有(you)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)優(you)異的(de)(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)電(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)(nai)(nai)電(dian)弧(hu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非(fei)(fei)常(chang)好。（5）物理機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下的(de)(de)(de)物理機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)比(bi)通用(yong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但(dan)在(zai)150℃的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和-50℃的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下，其物理機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)于通用(yong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)(nai)(nai)油及(ji)化學試劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)中(zhong)等的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)油、耐(nai)(nai)(nai)溶劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體(ti)透(tou)過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空(kong)氣、氮(dan)、氧(yang)、二(er)氧(yang)化碳等氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)透(tou)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)天然橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍。（8）生理惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅(xiu)，與人體(ti)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)粘連，具有(you)抗凝血作用(yong)，對(dui)肌體(ti)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)少(shao)。特別適合(he)作為醫(yi)用(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中(zhong)國(guo)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業協會統計(ji)，2012年(nian)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)銷分別(bie)達到1927.18萬輛和1930.64萬輛，同比分別(bie)增(zeng)(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)量(liang)約達2.0萬t。根據觀(guan)研天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)新研究，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)有機硅材料在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)部件方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)量(liang)，可以(yi)大(da)幅度提高汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)能，因(yin)此，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)量(liang)和單車(che)(che)(che)(che)用(yong)量(liang)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高都將推動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業對硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。國(guo)家鼓勵(li)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發展，關(guan)鍵汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)部件實現自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)化，《2012年(nian)度黨政(zheng)機關(guan)公務用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)選(xuan)用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)型目錄（征(zheng)求意(yi)見稿(gao)）》為自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)擴大(da)在(zai)政(zheng)府采購(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)份額，為改變目前國(guo)內政(zheng)府采購(gou)以(yi)合資品牌(pai)產(chan)品為主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面提供(gong)了(le)保障(zhang)。促進自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)發展，國(guo)產(chan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮將為汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)提供(gong)有力(li)保障(zhang)。預測未來3年(nian)，我國(guo)室溫硫(liu)化硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)行業將以(yi)年(nian)均20%增(zeng)(zeng)長。

此外，硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠是重(zhong)要(yao)的非石(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠，約(yue)占非石(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠消費(fei)量(liang)的98%。但因為(wei)(wei)石(shi)油(you)(you)價格(ge)的大(da)(da)幅上漲(zhang)，同(tong)時我國(guo)在硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的關鍵原(yuan)(yuan)料有(you)(you)機(ji)硅單(dan)(dan)體的生產(chan)(chan)技術方(fang)面(mian)取(qu)得突(tu)破，有(you)(you)機(ji)硅單(dan)(dan)體的生產(chan)(chan)技術在2005年前(qian)被幾家(jia)跨國(guo)公司壟斷，但目(mu)前(qian)我國(guo)已發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)全球(qiu)有(you)(you)機(ji)硅單(dan)(dan)體第1大(da)(da)國(guo)，這2個方(fang)面(mian)原(yuan)(yuan)因使硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的價格(ge)從(cong)2011年起開(kai)(kai)始低于石(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠，僅(jin)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)宗石(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)廉(lian)價的合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠，并(bing)開(kai)(kai)始大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)替代石(shi)油(you)(you)基(ji)(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠。這將極大(da)(da)拓展(zhan)有(you)(you)機(ji)硅產(chan)(chan)業(ye)的市場空間，同(tong)時將帶動硅油(you)(you)、硅烷偶聯劑和(he)硅樹脂等其他有(you)(you)機(ji)硅產(chan)(chan)品的消費(fei)。