硅橡膠是指主鏈由硅(gui)和氧原子交(jiao)替構成(cheng)，硅(gui)原子上通常連有(you)兩個(ge)有(you)機基(ji)團的(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠。普通的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠主要由含(han)甲(jia)基(ji)和少量乙烯基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)氧鏈節(jie)組成(cheng)。苯基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)引入可提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐高(gao)(gao)(gao)、低溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，三氟丙基(ji)及(ji)氰基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)引入則可提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐溫及(ji)耐油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠耐低溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)良好(hao)，一(yi)般在-55℃下(xia)仍能(neng)(neng)工作。引入苯基(ji)后，可達-73℃。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也(ye)很突出，在180℃下(xia)可長期(qi)工作，稍(shao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于200℃也(ye)能(neng)(neng)承受數周或(huo)更長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)仍有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)，瞬時(shi)(shi)可耐300℃以上的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，氧氣透過率在合成(cheng)聚合物(wu)中是較高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)。此外，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠還(huan)具有(you)生理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)、不會(hui)導(dao)致凝血的(de)(de)(de)突出特(te)性(xing)(xing)，因此在醫用領域(yu)應用廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分類的方法(fa)很多，通(tong)常按(an)固(gu)化前的形態分為固(gu)體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和液體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按(an)硫化溫(wen)(wen)度分為室溫(wen)(wen)硫化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高溫(wen)(wen)硫化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按(an)所(suo)用(yong)單(dan)體的不同(tong)，可(ke)(ke)分為甲(jia)基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基(ji)苯基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟(fu)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等；按(an)性能和用(yong)途的不同(tong)又可(ke)(ke)分為通(tong)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)、超耐低溫(wen)(wen)型(xing)(xing)、超耐高溫(wen)(wen)型(xing)(xing)、高強力型(xing)(xing)、耐油型(xing)(xing)、醫(yi)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)等等。

發展史

硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早期是由美(mei)國(guo)(guo)以三氯化(hua)鐵為催化(hua)劑(ji)合成(cheng)的(de)(de)。1945年(nian)(nian)，硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)品問(wen)世。1948年(nian)(nian)，采用(yong)高比表面積的(de)(de)氣相法白炭(tan)黑(hei)補(bu)強(qiang)的(de)(de)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)研制成(cheng)功，使硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)性能躍(yue)升到(dao)實(shi)用(yong)階段，奠定了現代硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產(chan)技術(shu)的(de)(de)基礎。從二(er)甲基二(er)氯硅烷合成(cheng)開始(shi)(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家有美(mei)國(guo)(guo)。俄羅斯、德(de)國(guo)(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)(guo)和中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)等(deng)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)工業(ye)化(hua)研究(jiu)(jiu)始(shi)(shi)于1957年(nian)(nian)，多(duo)家研究(jiu)(jiu)所和企業(ye)陸續開發出各種硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)底，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產(chan)能力為135千噸，其中(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高溫(wen)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)硅橡膠是(shi)指聚硅氧烷變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性體的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)高溫(wen)（110-170℃）硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的。它主要以高分子(zi)量的聚甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅氧烷為(wei)生膠，混(hun)入補(bu)強(qiang)填料(liao)、硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)等，在加熱加壓下硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性體。硅橡膠的補(bu)強(qiang)主要是(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)的白炭(tan)黑，可使硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠的強(qiang)度增加數十倍(bei)。有時為(wei)了降(jiang)低成(cheng)(cheng)本或改善(shan)膠料(liao)性能及賦予(yu)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)特(te)殊的性能，也加入相應的各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)添加劑(ji)。硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)是(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)有機(ji)過(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物或加成(cheng)(cheng)反應催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)。

加工成型方法如(ru)圖所示。一(yi)次硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進(jin)行高(gao)分(fen)子鏈的(de)交聯(lian)反應；二(er)次硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)目的(de)是進(jin)行補充交聯(lian)、驅除硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑分(fen)解(jie)產(chan)物和其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物以穩(wen)定硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠的(de)各(ge)項性(xing)能(neng)。常(chang)用的(de)設備有開(kai)放式煉(lian)(lian)膠機、捏合(he)機及真空密煉(lian)(lian)機。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著的(de)特(te)征是(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然(ran)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅(jin)是(shi)天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某些合(he)(he)成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)一半，但在200℃以上的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一定(ding)(ding)的(de)柔(rou)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面硬度(du)，且(qie)力(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)變化(hua)(hua)。（2）低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)玻璃化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)一般為-70~-50℃，特(te)殊(shu)配(pei)方(fang)可達-100℃，表明(ming)其低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)異。這對(dui)(dui)航空、宇(yu)航工業的(de)意義重大。（3）耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)、臭(chou)氧(yang)及紫外線等十分穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)，在不加任何添加劑(ji)(ji)的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，就具有(you)優(you)良的(de)耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)優(you)異的(de)絕緣(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)(nai)電(dian)(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)(nai)電(dian)(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非常好。（5）物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)比(bi)(bi)通用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但在150℃的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)，其物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)于(yu)通用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)(nai)油(you)及化(hua)(hua)學試劑(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)中等的(de)耐(nai)(nai)油(you)、耐(nai)(nai)溶劑(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)(dui)空氣(qi)、氮、氧(yang)、二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳等氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)(bi)天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍。（8）生理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒(du)，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅，與人體(ti)(ti)組織不粘連，具有(you)抗凝血作用(yong)，對(dui)(dui)肌(ji)體(ti)(ti)組織的(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非常少。特(te)別適合(he)(he)作為醫用(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中國(guo)(guo)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業協會統計，2012年(nian)(nian)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銷分別達(da)到(dao)1927.18萬(wan)輛(liang)和1930.64萬(wan)輛(liang)，同比分別增長(chang)4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)用(yong)量(liang)約達(da)2.0萬(wan)t。根據觀(guan)研天下的(de)新研究(jiu)，增加(jia)(jia)有機(ji)硅(gui)材料在汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零部件方面(mian)的(de)用(yong)量(liang)，可以大幅度(du)提高(gao)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)安全性能，因此，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)和單(dan)車(che)(che)(che)(che)用(yong)量(liang)水平的(de)提高(gao)都將推動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)(gong)業對硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠需求的(de)增加(jia)(jia)。國(guo)(guo)家鼓勵自(zi)(zi)主品(pin)(pin)牌的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發展，關鍵(jian)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零部件實現自(zi)(zi)主化，《2012年(nian)(nian)度(du)黨政機(ji)關公務用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)選用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)型目錄（征求意見稿(gao)）》為(wei)自(zi)(zi)主品(pin)(pin)牌擴大在政府采購的(de)市場份額，為(wei)改變(bian)目前國(guo)(guo)內政府采購以合(he)資品(pin)(pin)牌產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)為(wei)主的(de)局面(mian)提供了保障。促進(jin)自(zi)(zi)主品(pin)(pin)牌發展，國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)業的(de)繁榮將為(wei)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)膠的(de)應用(yong)提供有力保障。預測未來3年(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)室溫硫化硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠在汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)行業將以年(nian)(nian)均20%增長(chang)。

此外(wai)，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)是(shi)重要(yao)的非石(shi)(shi)油(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，約占非石(shi)(shi)油(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)消費量(liang)的98%。但因為(wei)石(shi)(shi)油(you)價格(ge)的大(da)(da)幅上漲，同時(shi)我國(guo)在硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的關鍵(jian)原料有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)的生產技(ji)術方面取得突破(po)，有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)的生產技(ji)術在2005年(nian)前(qian)被幾家(jia)跨國(guo)公司壟斷(duan)，但目前(qian)我國(guo)已發(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)全球有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)第1大(da)(da)國(guo)，這2個方面原因使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的價格(ge)從2011年(nian)起(qi)開(kai)始(shi)低(di)于(yu)石(shi)(shi)油(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，僅約為(wei)大(da)(da)宗石(shi)(shi)油(you)基橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)廉價的合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，并開(kai)始(shi)大(da)(da)規模替代石(shi)(shi)油(you)基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。這將(jiang)極大(da)(da)拓展有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)產業的市場空(kong)間，同時(shi)將(jiang)帶(dai)動硅(gui)(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)(gui)烷偶聯劑和硅(gui)(gui)樹脂等(deng)其他有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)產品的消費。