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江蘇硅橡膠/非石油基合成橡膠

2020-06-04 14:55:50
江蘇硅橡膠/非石油基合成橡膠
詳(xiang)細介(jie)紹:

硅橡膠1


    硅橡膠是(shi)指(zhi)主鏈由硅(gui)和(he)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)原(yuan)子(zi)交替構成(cheng)(cheng),硅(gui)原(yuan)子(zi)上通常連(lian)有(you)(you)(you)兩個有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)基(ji)(ji)團的橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠。普通的硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠主要由含甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)和(he)少量(liang)乙烯基(ji)(ji)的硅(gui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)鏈節組成(cheng)(cheng)。苯基(ji)(ji)的引入(ru)(ru)可(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐高(gao)、低溫性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),三氟丙基(ji)(ji)及氰基(ji)(ji)的引入(ru)(ru)則可(ke)提高(gao)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐溫及耐油性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠耐低溫性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)良(liang)好,一般在(zai)(zai)-55℃下(xia)仍能(neng)工(gong)作。引入(ru)(ru)苯基(ji)(ji)后,可(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的耐熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)也(ye)很突(tu)出,在(zai)(zai)180℃下(xia)可(ke)長期工(gong)作,稍高(gao)于(yu)200℃也(ye)能(neng)承受數周或更長時間仍有(you)(you)(you)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),瞬時可(ke)耐300℃以上的高(gao)溫。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好,氧(yang)(yang)(yang)氣(qi)透過率在(zai)(zai)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)聚合(he)物(wu)中是(shi)較高(gao)的。此外,硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠還具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)生理惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、不會導致凝血(xue)的突(tu)出特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)醫用(yong)(yong)領(ling)域應(ying)用(yong)(yong)廣(guang)泛。

    主要品種(zhong)

    硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)類的方法(fa)很多,通常按(an)固化前的形態分(fen)(fen)為固體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)和液體硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao);按(an)硫(liu)化溫(wen)(wen)度(du)分(fen)(fen)為室溫(wen)(wen)硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao),高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao);按(an)所用(yong)(yong)單體的不同,可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為甲基(ji)(ji)乙烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao),甲基(ji)(ji)苯(ben)基(ji)(ji)乙烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),腈硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)等(deng);按(an)性能和用(yong)(yong)途的不同又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為通用(yong)(yong)型、超耐低溫(wen)(wen)型、超耐高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)型、高(gao)強力型、耐油型、醫用(yong)(yong)型等(deng)等(deng)。

    發展史

    硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)早期是由美國(guo)以三氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)鐵為催化(hua)(hua)劑合成的(de)(de)。1945年(nian),硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)產品問世。1948年(nian),采(cai)用(yong)高比(bi)表(biao)面積的(de)(de)氣相法白炭黑補強的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)研(yan)制成功,使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)性能(neng)躍升到(dao)實用(yong)階(jie)段,奠定了現代硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產技(ji)術的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。從二(er)甲基(ji)二(er)氯(lv)硅(gui)(gui)烷合成開始生產硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)有美國(guo)。俄羅斯、德國(guo)、日(ri)本、韓國(guo)和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)等。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)研(yan)究始于1957年(nian),多家(jia)研(yan)究所和企業陸(lu)續開發出各種硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年(nian)底(di),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產能(neng)力為135千(qian)噸,其中(zhong)(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)(jiao)100千(qian)噸。

    高(gao)溫硫化硅橡膠

    高溫(wen)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)硅橡膠是指聚硅氧烷變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)彈性(xing)體的(de)過程是經過高溫(wen)(110-170℃)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的(de)。它(ta)主(zhu)要以高分子量的(de)聚甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅氧烷為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)膠,混入(ru)(ru)補強(qiang)(qiang)填(tian)料(liao)、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑等,在加熱加壓下(xia)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)彈性(xing)體。硅橡膠的(de)補強(qiang)(qiang)主(zhu)要是各(ge)種類型(xing)(xing)的(de)白炭黑,可使(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度增加數(shu)十倍。有時為(wei)(wei)了降低成(cheng)(cheng)本或(huo)改善(shan)膠料(liao)性(xing)能及(ji)賦予(yu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠各(ge)種特殊的(de)性(xing)能,也加入(ru)(ru)相應(ying)的(de)各(ge)種添(tian)加劑。硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑是各(ge)種有機過氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)或(huo)加成(cheng)(cheng)反應(ying)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑。

    加(jia)工(gong)成型(xing)方(fang)法如(ru)圖所示(shi)。一次硫化(hua)(hua)的目(mu)的是進(jin)行高分子鏈的交聯反應;二次硫化(hua)(hua)的目(mu)的是進(jin)行補(bu)充(chong)交聯、驅除硫化(hua)(hua)劑分解產物和其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化(hua)(hua)合物以穩定(ding)硫化(hua)(hua)膠的各項(xiang)性(xing)能。常用(yong)的設備有(you)開(kai)放(fang)式(shi)煉膠機(ji)、捏(nie)合機(ji)及真空密(mi)煉機(ji)。


硅橡膠1


    主要性(xing)能

   (1)高溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著的(de)特(te)征是高溫(wen)(wen)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),雖然(ran)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強度(du)僅是天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某些合成橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)一(yi)半(ban),但(dan)在(zai)200℃以(yi)上的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下(xia),硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)保持一(yi)定(ding)的(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回(hui)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面硬(ying)度(du),且力學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)無(wu)(wu)明顯(xian)變(bian)化(hua)。(2)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)玻璃化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)一(yi)般為-70~-50℃,特(te)殊配(pei)方可達(da)-100℃,表明其低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)異。這對航空、宇航工業的(de)意義重大。(3)耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)Si-O-Si鍵(jian)對氧(yang)(yang)、臭氧(yang)(yang)及紫外線等十分(fen)穩定(ding),在(zai)不加(jia)任(ren)何添加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),就具(ju)有(you)優(you)(you)良(liang)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。(4)電氣(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)優(you)(you)異的(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),耐(nai)(nai)電暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)(nai)電弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非(fei)常(chang)好。(5)物(wu)理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)的(de)物(wu)理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)比通用橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差,但(dan)在(zai)150℃的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia),其物(wu)理(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)于通用橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。(6)耐(nai)(nai)油及化(hua)學(xue)試劑(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)中(zhong)等的(de)耐(nai)(nai)油、耐(nai)(nai)溶(rong)劑(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。(7)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對空氣(qi)(qi)、氮、氧(yang)(yang)、二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳等氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)透氣(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高出30-50倍。(8)生(sheng)理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)(wu)毒,無(wu)(wu)味,無(wu)(wu)嗅,與人(ren)體(ti)(ti)組織不粘連,具(ju)有(you)抗凝血作用,對肌體(ti)(ti)組織的(de)反(fan)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)常(chang)少。特(te)別適合作為醫用材料(liao)。


    硅橡膠的用量(liang)

    據中國(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)工業(ye)(ye)協會統計,2012年,汽(qi)(qi)車(che)產(chan)(chan)銷(xiao)分別(bie)達到1927.18萬(wan)輛(liang)(liang)和1930.64萬(wan)輛(liang)(liang),同比分別(bie)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4.63%和4.33%,汽(qi)(qi)車(che)工業(ye)(ye)硅橡膠的(de)(de)用量(liang)(liang)約(yue)達2.0萬(wan)t。根據觀研(yan)天下的(de)(de)新研(yan)究(jiu),增(zeng)(zeng)加有(you)機硅材料在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)零部(bu)件(jian)方(fang)面的(de)(de)用量(liang)(liang),可(ke)以(yi)大(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)安全性能,因此(ci),汽(qi)(qi)車(che)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)和單車(che)用量(liang)(liang)水平的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)都將(jiang)推(tui)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)工業(ye)(ye)對(dui)硅橡膠需求(qiu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加。國(guo)(guo)家鼓勵自主品(pin)牌(pai)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)發(fa)展,關鍵汽(qi)(qi)車(che)零部(bu)件(jian)實現(xian)自主化,《2012年度黨(dang)政(zheng)(zheng)機關公務用車(che)選用車(che)型目錄(征(zheng)求(qiu)意見稿(gao))》為自主品(pin)牌(pai)擴大(da)在政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)采購(gou)的(de)(de)市場份額,為改變目前國(guo)(guo)內政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)采購(gou)以(yi)合資品(pin)牌(pai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)為主的(de)(de)局面提(ti)供(gong)了保障。促(cu)進自主品(pin)牌(pai)發(fa)展,國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)繁榮將(jiang)為汽(qi)(qi)車(che)膠的(de)(de)應用提(ti)供(gong)有(you)力保障。預(yu)測未來3年,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)室溫硫化硅橡膠在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)以(yi)年均20%增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。

    此外,硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠是重要的非石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠,約占(zhan)非石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠消(xiao)費量的98%。但(dan)因為石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)價(jia)(jia)格的大幅(fu)上(shang)漲,同(tong)時我國(guo)在硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠的關鍵原(yuan)料有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)的生(sheng)產(chan)技術方面取(qu)得(de)突(tu)破,有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)的生(sheng)產(chan)技術在2005年(nian)前被幾家跨國(guo)公(gong)司壟斷,但(dan)目(mu)前我國(guo)已發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)為全(quan)球有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)第1大國(guo),這2個(ge)方面原(yuan)因使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠的價(jia)(jia)格從2011年(nian)起開始低于(yu)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠,僅約為大宗石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)基橡(xiang)膠的80%~90%,成(cheng)為廉(lian)價(jia)(jia)的合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠,并(bing)開始大規模(mo)替代(dai)石(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠。這將(jiang)極大拓展(zhan)有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)產(chan)業的市(shi)場空間,同(tong)時將(jiang)帶(dai)動硅(gui)(gui)油(you)(you)(you)、硅(gui)(gui)烷偶聯(lian)劑和(he)硅(gui)(gui)樹(shu)脂等其他(ta)有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)產(chan)品的消(xiao)費。


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