硅橡膠是指主鏈由(you)硅(gui)和(he)氧(yang)(yang)原子交替構成(cheng)(cheng)，硅(gui)原子上通常連(lian)有兩(liang)個有機基團的(de)(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。普通的(de)(de)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)主要(yao)由(you)含甲基和(he)少(shao)量乙(yi)烯基的(de)(de)硅(gui)氧(yang)(yang)鏈節組成(cheng)(cheng)。苯基的(de)(de)引入可提高硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)高、低(di)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)，三氟丙基及氰基的(de)(de)引入則可提高硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)溫(wen)及耐(nai)(nai)油(you)性能(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)耐(nai)(nai)低(di)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)良好，一般在(zai)(zai)-55℃下(xia)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)工(gong)作。引入苯基后，可達-73℃。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱性能(neng)(neng)也很突出(chu)，在(zai)(zai)180℃下(xia)可長期工(gong)作，稍高于200℃也能(neng)(neng)承受數周或更長時間(jian)仍(reng)有彈性，瞬時可耐(nai)(nai)300℃以上的(de)(de)高溫(wen)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)透(tou)氣(qi)性好，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)透(tou)過率在(zai)(zai)合成(cheng)(cheng)聚合物中是較(jiao)高的(de)(de)。此外，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)還(huan)具(ju)有生理惰性、不會導(dao)致凝血的(de)(de)突出(chu)特性，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)醫用(yong)領域應用(yong)廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分類的(de)方(fang)法(fa)很(hen)多，通常按固化前的(de)形態(tai)分為(wei)固體(ti)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和(he)液(ye)體(ti)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫化溫度(du)分為(wei)室(shi)溫硫化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高溫硫化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所用(yong)單體(ti)的(de)不同，可分為(wei)甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲基(ji)苯基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)(deng)；按性能和(he)用(yong)途的(de)不同又可分為(wei)通用(yong)型(xing)(xing)、超(chao)耐(nai)(nai)低溫型(xing)(xing)、超(chao)耐(nai)(nai)高溫型(xing)(xing)、高強力型(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)(nai)油型(xing)(xing)、醫用(yong)型(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

發展史

硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)早期是由(you)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)以三氯化(hua)(hua)鐵為催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑合成的。1945年(nian)(nian)，硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)產品問(wen)世。1948年(nian)(nian)，采用高比表面積(ji)的氣相法白炭黑補(bu)強(qiang)的硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)研(yan)制成功，使硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的性(xing)能躍升到(dao)實用階段，奠定了現代硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產技術的基礎。從二甲基二氯硅(gui)烷合成開始生產硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的國(guo)(guo)家有美(mei)國(guo)(guo)。俄羅斯、德國(guo)(guo)、日本(ben)、韓國(guo)(guo)和中國(guo)(guo)等。中國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的工業化(hua)(hua)研(yan)究始于1957年(nian)(nian)，多家研(yan)究所(suo)和企業陸續開發出(chu)各(ge)種硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)底，中國(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產能力為135千噸，其中高溫(wen)膠(jiao)(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)(gao)溫硫(liu)化硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)指聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)變成(cheng)(cheng)彈性體(ti)的(de)過程是(shi)經過高(gao)(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)化成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)。它主要以高(gao)(gao)分子量的(de)聚甲(jia)基乙烯基硅(gui)氧烷(wan)為(wei)生(sheng)膠(jiao)(jiao)，混入補強填料、硫(liu)化劑(ji)等，在(zai)加熱(re)加壓下硫(liu)化成(cheng)(cheng)彈性體(ti)。硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)補強主要是(shi)各種(zhong)類型(xing)的(de)白炭(tan)黑(hei)，可(ke)使(shi)硫(liu)化膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)強度增加數十倍。有(you)(you)時為(wei)了降低成(cheng)(cheng)本或(huo)改善(shan)膠(jiao)(jiao)料性能及賦予硫(liu)化膠(jiao)(jiao)各種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)性能，也加入相應的(de)各種(zhong)添加劑(ji)。硫(liu)化劑(ji)是(shi)各種(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)過氧化物或(huo)加成(cheng)(cheng)反應催化劑(ji)。

加(jia)工(gong)成型方法如(ru)圖所示。一次(ci)(ci)硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是進行高分子鏈的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)反應；二次(ci)(ci)硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是進行補(bu)充交(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)、驅除硫(liu)化(hua)劑分解(jie)產(chan)物和其他揮(hui)發(fa)性化(hua)合物以穩定硫(liu)化(hua)膠的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項性能。常用的(de)(de)(de)設備有開放式煉膠機(ji)、捏(nie)合機(ji)及真空密煉機(ji)。

主要性能

（1）高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖(sui)然(ran)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅是(shi)天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)一半，但(dan)在200℃以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和表面(mian)硬度(du)，且力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無明顯(xian)變(bian)化。（2）低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃化溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)一般為-70~-50℃，特殊配方可達-100℃，表明其(qi)(qi)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)異。這對(dui)航空、宇航工業的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)重大。（3）耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧(yang)、臭(chou)氧(yang)及紫外線等十分穩定(ding)，在不(bu)加任何添加劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，就具(ju)有優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有優(you)異的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)(nai)電暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)(nai)電弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)非(fei)常好(hao)。（5）物理(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)比通(tong)用(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但(dan)在150℃的(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和-50℃的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，其(qi)(qi)物理(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)于(yu)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)(nai)油及化學試劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通(tong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有中等的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)油、耐(nai)(nai)溶劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空氣、氮、氧(yang)、二(er)氧(yang)化碳等氣體的(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高出30-50倍(bei)。（8）生理(li)(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無毒，無味(wei)，無嗅，與人體組織不(bu)粘連，具(ju)有抗凝血(xue)作用(yong)(yong)，對(dui)肌體組織的(de)(de)(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)常少。特別適合作為醫用(yong)(yong)材料(liao)。

硅橡膠的用量

據(ju)中國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)協(xie)會(hui)統(tong)計，2012年(nian)(nian)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)銷分(fen)(fen)別(bie)達到(dao)1927.18萬(wan)輛和1930.64萬(wan)輛，同比分(fen)(fen)別(bie)增(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)硅橡膠的用(yong)量約(yue)達2.0萬(wan)t。根據(ju)觀研天下的新研究，增(zeng)加有(you)機硅材料在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)部件(jian)方(fang)面的用(yong)量，可以大幅(fu)度提(ti)(ti)高汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的安全(quan)性能，因此，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)量和單車(che)(che)(che)(che)用(yong)量水(shui)平的提(ti)(ti)高都將推動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)對硅橡膠需求的增(zeng)加。國(guo)家鼓勵自主品(pin)牌(pai)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展，關(guan)鍵汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)零(ling)部件(jian)實現自主化，《2012年(nian)(nian)度黨(dang)政(zheng)機關(guan)公務用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)選用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)型目錄（征(zheng)求意(yi)見稿(gao)）》為自主品(pin)牌(pai)擴(kuo)大在政(zheng)府(fu)采購的市場(chang)份額，為改變(bian)目前(qian)國(guo)內政(zheng)府(fu)采購以合資品(pin)牌(pai)產(chan)品(pin)為主的局面提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了保障。促(cu)進(jin)自主品(pin)牌(pai)發(fa)展，國(guo)產(chan)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的繁(fan)榮(rong)將為汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)膠的應用(yong)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)有(you)力(li)保障。預測(ce)未(wei)來3年(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)室溫硫化硅橡膠在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將以年(nian)(nian)均20%增(zeng)長。

此(ci)外，硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)非石(shi)油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)，約占非石(shi)油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)消費量的(de)(de)(de)(de)98%。但因為(wei)石(shi)油(you)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)大幅上漲，同時(shi)我國(guo)(guo)在(zai)硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵原(yuan)料有機硅(gui)單體的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)技術方面(mian)取(qu)得突破，有機硅(gui)單體的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)技術在(zai)2005年前(qian)被(bei)幾家跨國(guo)(guo)公司(si)壟斷，但目前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)已發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)全球有機硅(gui)單體第1大國(guo)(guo)，這2個方面(mian)原(yuan)因使硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格從2011年起開始低于石(shi)油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)，僅約為(wei)大宗石(shi)油(you)基(ji)(ji)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)廉價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)，并(bing)開始大規模替代石(shi)油(you)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)。這將極大拓(tuo)展(zhan)有機硅(gui)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場空間，同時(shi)將帶動(dong)硅(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)烷(wan)偶(ou)聯劑(ji)和硅(gui)樹脂(zhi)等其他有機硅(gui)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消費。