硅橡膠是指主鏈由(you)硅和氧原子(zi)交替(ti)構成(cheng)，硅原子(zi)上通常連有兩(liang)個有機(ji)基(ji)團的(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。普通的(de)硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)主要由(you)含甲基(ji)和少(shao)量乙烯基(ji)的(de)硅氧鏈節組成(cheng)。苯基(ji)的(de)引入可(ke)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)耐高(gao)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)，三氟丙基(ji)及氰基(ji)的(de)引入則可(ke)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)耐溫(wen)及耐油(you)性(xing)能(neng)。硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)耐低(di)(di)溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)良好(hao)，一般在(zai)(zai)-55℃下仍(reng)(reng)能(neng)工(gong)作。引入苯基(ji)后，可(ke)達-73℃。硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)耐熱性(xing)能(neng)也很突出(chu)，在(zai)(zai)180℃下可(ke)長期工(gong)作，稍高(gao)于200℃也能(neng)承受數周或更長時(shi)(shi)間仍(reng)(reng)有彈性(xing)，瞬時(shi)(shi)可(ke)耐300℃以上的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)。硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)透氣性(xing)好(hao)，氧氣透過率在(zai)(zai)合(he)成(cheng)聚合(he)物中是較高(gao)的(de)。此外，硅橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)還具有生理(li)惰性(xing)、不會導致凝血的(de)突出(chu)特性(xing)，因此在(zai)(zai)醫用(yong)領(ling)域應(ying)用(yong)廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)類(lei)的方法很多，通(tong)常按固化(hua)前的形(xing)態分(fen)為(wei)固體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和液(ye)體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫化(hua)溫(wen)度分(fen)為(wei)室溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高(gao)溫(wen)硫化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所用(yong)(yong)單體的不(bu)(bu)同，可分(fen)為(wei)甲基(ji)乙(yi)烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲基(ji)苯(ben)基(ji)乙(yi)烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈(jing)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)；按性能和用(yong)(yong)途的不(bu)(bu)同又可分(fen)為(wei)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)、超耐低溫(wen)型(xing)、超耐高(gao)溫(wen)型(xing)、高(gao)強力型(xing)、耐油型(xing)、醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)等(deng)等(deng)。

發展史

硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早期是由美國(guo)以三氯(lv)化鐵為(wei)催化劑合(he)成(cheng)的(de)。1945年，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產品問(wen)世。1948年，采用高比表(biao)面積的(de)氣相法白炭黑(hei)補(bu)強的(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)研(yan)制成(cheng)功，使硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)性能(neng)躍升到(dao)實(shi)用階段，奠定了現(xian)代硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生產技術的(de)基礎。從(cong)二甲基二氯(lv)硅(gui)(gui)烷合(he)成(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)生產硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)國(guo)家(jia)有美國(guo)。俄羅斯、德(de)國(guo)、日本、韓(han)國(guo)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)等。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)工業化研(yan)究始(shi)于1957年，多家(jia)研(yan)究所和(he)企業陸續開(kai)發出各(ge)種硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年底(di)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生產能(neng)力為(wei)135千噸，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)高溫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)100千噸。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)溫硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)指聚硅(gui)氧(yang)(yang)烷變成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)體的過(guo)程是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)高(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的。它主要以高(gao)分子量的聚甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)氧(yang)(yang)烷為生膠(jiao)(jiao)，混入補(bu)強(qiang)填料、硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)等，在加(jia)(jia)熱加(jia)(jia)壓下硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)體。硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的補(bu)強(qiang)主要是(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)類型(xing)的白炭黑，可使硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)的強(qiang)度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)數十倍。有時為了降低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)本或改善(shan)膠(jiao)(jiao)料性(xing)(xing)能及(ji)賦予硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)各(ge)種(zhong)特殊的性(xing)(xing)能，也(ye)加(jia)(jia)入相應的各(ge)種(zhong)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)。硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)有機過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)或加(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)反應催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)。

加(jia)工成型方法如(ru)圖所示。一(yi)次硫化(hua)的目(mu)的是進(jin)(jin)行(xing)高分(fen)子鏈的交(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)反應(ying)；二次硫化(hua)的目(mu)的是進(jin)(jin)行(xing)補充交(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)、驅(qu)除(chu)硫化(hua)劑分(fen)解產(chan)物和其他(ta)揮發(fa)性化(hua)合物以穩定硫化(hua)膠的各項性能。常用(yong)的設備(bei)有開放式煉膠機(ji)、捏合機(ji)及真(zhen)空密煉機(ji)。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)特(te)征是(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)強度(du)(du)僅是(shi)天然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)200℃以上的(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環境(jing)下(xia)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面硬(ying)度(du)(du)，且力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明顯變(bian)化。（2）低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)玻璃化溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)般為-70~-50℃，特(te)殊配方可達-100℃，表明其低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)異。這對(dui)航空(kong)、宇航工業的(de)(de)意義(yi)重大。（3）耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)、臭氧(yang)(yang)及紫外線等十分(fen)穩定(ding)，在(zai)不加任何添加劑的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，就具有(you)優(you)良的(de)(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)優(you)異的(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)非常好。（5）物(wu)理機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)的(de)(de)物(wu)理機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)比通(tong)(tong)用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)150℃的(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)(de)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)，其物(wu)理機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)于通(tong)(tong)用(yong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐(nai)油及化學試劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通(tong)(tong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具有(you)中(zhong)等的(de)(de)耐(nai)油、耐(nai)溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣(qi)體(ti)透(tou)過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空(kong)氣(qi)、氮、氧(yang)(yang)、二氧(yang)(yang)化碳等氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)透(tou)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天然橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍(bei)。（8）生(sheng)理惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅(xiu)，與人體(ti)組織不粘連，具有(you)抗凝血作(zuo)用(yong)，對(dui)肌體(ti)組織的(de)(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非常少。特(te)別適(shi)合作(zuo)為醫用(yong)材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)協會(hui)統計，2012年(nian)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)產銷分別(bie)(bie)達(da)(da)到(dao)1927.18萬(wan)輛和1930.64萬(wan)輛，同(tong)比分別(bie)(bie)增(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)硅橡(xiang)膠的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)達(da)(da)2.0萬(wan)t。根據觀研(yan)(yan)天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)新研(yan)(yan)究，增(zeng)加(jia)有機硅材(cai)料(liao)在汽(qi)車(che)(che)零部件方面(mian)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)，可以大幅度提(ti)高(gao)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)安全性能(neng)，因此，汽(qi)車(che)(che)產量(liang)(liang)和單(dan)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)水平的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)都將(jiang)(jiang)推(tui)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)對硅橡(xiang)膠需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家鼓勵自主品牌的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)發(fa)展，關(guan)鍵(jian)汽(qi)車(che)(che)零部件實現自主化，《2012年(nian)度黨政機關(guan)公務用(yong)(yong)車(che)(che)選用(yong)(yong)車(che)(che)型(xing)目(mu)錄（征求(qiu)意見稿）》為自主品牌擴大在政府(fu)采購的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)份額，為改(gai)變目(mu)前國(guo)(guo)(guo)內政府(fu)采購以合(he)資品牌產品為主的(de)(de)局面(mian)提(ti)供了保障(zhang)。促進自主品牌發(fa)展，國(guo)(guo)(guo)產汽(qi)車(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)繁榮將(jiang)(jiang)為汽(qi)車(che)(che)膠的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)提(ti)供有力保障(zhang)。預測未(wei)來(lai)3年(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)室(shi)溫(wen)硫化硅橡(xiang)膠在汽(qi)車(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)以年(nian)均20%增(zeng)長。

此外，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)是重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)非石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，約占非石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)消(xiao)費量的(de)(de)(de)98%。但因(yin)為(wei)石油(you)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)幅(fu)上漲，同(tong)(tong)時我國在硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵原料有機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)技(ji)術方面(mian)取得突破，有機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)技(ji)術在2005年前被幾(ji)家跨(kua)國公司壟斷，但目前我國已(yi)發展(zhan)成為(wei)全球有機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)第1大(da)(da)(da)國，這2個(ge)方面(mian)原因(yin)使硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)從2011年起開(kai)始(shi)低于石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，僅(jin)約為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)宗石油(you)基(ji)(ji)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)80%～90%，成為(wei)廉(lian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，并開(kai)始(shi)大(da)(da)(da)規模替代石油(you)基(ji)(ji)合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。這將極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)拓展(zhan)有機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)空間，同(tong)(tong)時將帶動硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)烷偶聯劑和硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)樹脂等其他有機(ji)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費。