硅橡膠是(shi)指主鏈由硅(gui)(gui)和氧原子交替構(gou)成，硅(gui)(gui)原子上通常連有(you)兩個有(you)機基(ji)(ji)團的(de)(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。普通的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)主要由含甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)和少量(liang)乙烯基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)氧鏈節組成。苯基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)引入可(ke)提高硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐高、低溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，三氟丙基(ji)(ji)及(ji)氰基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)引入則可(ke)提高硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐溫及(ji)耐油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)耐低溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)良(liang)好(hao)，一般(ban)在(zai)-55℃下仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)工作。引入苯基(ji)(ji)后，可(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)耐熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)也(ye)很突(tu)出，在(zai)180℃下可(ke)長期工作，稍高于200℃也(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)承受(shou)數周或(huo)更長時間仍有(you)彈性(xing)(xing)，瞬時可(ke)耐300℃以上的(de)(de)高溫。硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)透(tou)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，氧氣(qi)透(tou)過率在(zai)合成聚合物中(zhong)是(shi)較高的(de)(de)。此外，硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)還(huan)具有(you)生理惰性(xing)(xing)、不會導致凝(ning)血的(de)(de)突(tu)出特性(xing)(xing)，因此在(zai)醫用領域(yu)應用廣泛。

主要品種

硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)分類(lei)的方法很多(duo)，通常按(an)固化前的形(xing)態(tai)分為(wei)固體硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和(he)液體硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)；按(an)硫(liu)(liu)化溫度分為(wei)室溫硫(liu)(liu)化硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，高(gao)溫硫(liu)(liu)化硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)；按(an)所用(yong)單體的不同，可(ke)分為(wei)甲(jia)基乙(yi)烯(xi)基硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基苯基乙(yi)烯(xi)基硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、氟(fu)硅(gui)，腈硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等；按(an)性能和(he)用(yong)途的不同又可(ke)分為(wei)通用(yong)型(xing)、超耐低溫型(xing)、超耐高(gao)溫型(xing)、高(gao)強力型(xing)、耐油(you)型(xing)、醫用(yong)型(xing)等等。

發展史

硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早期是由美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)以三氯(lv)化鐵為催化劑合成的(de)(de)。1945年，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產品問世。1948年，采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)比表面(mian)積的(de)(de)氣(qi)相法白炭黑補強的(de)(de)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)研(yan)制成功，使(shi)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)性能躍升到(dao)實用(yong)階段(duan)，奠定了現代硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產技術的(de)(de)基礎。從二(er)甲基二(er)氯(lv)硅(gui)烷(wan)合成開(kai)始(shi)生(sheng)產硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家有美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。俄羅(luo)斯、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)工業化研(yan)究始(shi)于(yu)1957年，多家研(yan)究所和企業陸(lu)續開(kai)發(fa)出各(ge)種(zhong)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年底，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)產能力為135千噸(dun)，其中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)溫膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)100千噸(dun)。

高溫硫化硅橡膠

高(gao)溫(wen)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)是指聚(ju)硅(gui)(gui)氧(yang)烷變成彈性體的過程是經過高(gao)溫(wen)（110-170℃）硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成型的。它主(zhu)要以高(gao)分子量(liang)的聚(ju)甲基(ji)乙烯基(ji)硅(gui)(gui)氧(yang)烷為生膠(jiao)，混(hun)入(ru)補強填(tian)料、硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)等(deng)，在加(jia)(jia)熱加(jia)(jia)壓下硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成彈性體。硅(gui)(gui)橡膠(jiao)的補強主(zhu)要是各(ge)(ge)(ge)種類型的白炭黑，可使硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)的強度增加(jia)(jia)數十(shi)倍。有時為了(le)降(jiang)低成本或(huo)改(gai)善膠(jiao)料性能及賦予硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種特殊的性能，也加(jia)(jia)入(ru)相應的各(ge)(ge)(ge)種添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)。硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)是各(ge)(ge)(ge)種有機過氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)或(huo)加(jia)(jia)成反應催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)。

加(jia)工成(cheng)型方(fang)法如圖所示。一(yi)次(ci)硫化(hua)(hua)的目的是進行(xing)高分子鏈的交(jiao)聯(lian)反應；二次(ci)硫化(hua)(hua)的目的是進行(xing)補(bu)充交(jiao)聯(lian)、驅除(chu)硫化(hua)(hua)劑分解產(chan)物和其他揮發性化(hua)(hua)合物以穩定(ding)硫化(hua)(hua)膠的各項性能(neng)。常用的設備有開放式(shi)煉(lian)膠機、捏合機及真(zhen)空密煉(lian)機。

主要性能

（1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖(sui)然(ran)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)(du)僅是(shi)(shi)天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某(mou)些合成橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一半，但在(zai)200℃以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保持一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回(hui)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)表面硬度(du)(du)，且力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)變化(hua)(hua)。（2）低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)一般為(wei)(wei)-70~-50℃，特殊配方可達-100℃，表明(ming)其低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)異。這對(dui)航空(kong)、宇航工業的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義重大。（3）耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)Si-O-Si鍵對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)、臭氧(yang)(yang)及紫外(wai)線等(deng)(deng)十分穩定，在(zai)不加任(ren)何添加劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，就具(ju)有(you)優(you)(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)優(you)(you)異的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐電(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)耐電(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非(fei)常(chang)好(hao)。（5）物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)比通用橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，但在(zai)150℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)-50℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)下，其物(wu)理(li)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)于(yu)通用橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐油及化(hua)(hua)學(xue)試(shi)劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐油、耐溶劑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)下硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對(dui)空(kong)氣、氮、氧(yang)(yang)、二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳等(deng)(deng)氣體的(de)(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天(tian)然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍。（8）生理(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅(xiu)，與(yu)人(ren)體組(zu)織(zhi)不粘連，具(ju)有(you)抗凝血(xue)作用，對(dui)肌體組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非(fei)常(chang)少。特別適合作為(wei)(wei)醫(yi)用材料。

硅橡膠的用量

據中國(guo)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)協會統計，2012年，汽(qi)車(che)(che)產銷分別達到(dao)1927.18萬輛(liang)和1930.64萬輛(liang)，同(tong)比分別增(zeng)(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)用量(liang)(liang)約達2.0萬t。根據觀(guan)研天下的(de)(de)新研究，增(zeng)(zeng)加有機(ji)硅(gui)材料在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)(che)零部件方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)用量(liang)(liang)，可以大(da)幅(fu)度提高(gao)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)安全(quan)性能，因此，汽(qi)車(che)(che)產量(liang)(liang)和單(dan)車(che)(che)用量(liang)(liang)水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)都將推動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)對硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加。國(guo)家鼓勵自(zi)主品牌(pai)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)，關(guan)鍵汽(qi)車(che)(che)零部件實現自(zi)主化(hua)，《2012年度黨政機(ji)關(guan)公務用車(che)(che)選用車(che)(che)型目錄（征求(qiu)意見稿(gao)）》為(wei)(wei)自(zi)主品牌(pai)擴大(da)在(zai)政府采購的(de)(de)市(shi)場份額，為(wei)(wei)改變目前國(guo)內政府采購以合資品牌(pai)產品為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)提供了保障(zhang)。促進自(zi)主品牌(pai)發(fa)展(zhan)，國(guo)產汽(qi)車(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)繁榮(rong)將為(wei)(wei)汽(qi)車(che)(che)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)應用提供有力保障(zhang)。預測未來(lai)3年，我國(guo)室溫硫(liu)化(hua)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將以年均20%增(zeng)(zeng)長。

此外，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)是重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)(fei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)基(ji)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，約占非(fei)(fei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)基(ji)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)消(xiao)費量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)98%。但(dan)因為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)價格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)幅上漲，同(tong)時我國(guo)在(zai)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵原料有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產技(ji)術方面取得突破，有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產技(ji)術在(zai)2005年(nian)前被幾家跨國(guo)公司壟斷，但(dan)目前我國(guo)已發展成(cheng)為(wei)全球有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)第(di)1大(da)國(guo)，這(zhe)2個方面原因使硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價格(ge)從2011年(nian)起開(kai)始低于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)基(ji)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，僅約為(wei)大(da)宗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)基(ji)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)為(wei)廉價的(de)(de)(de)(de)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，并開(kai)始大(da)規模(mo)替代(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)基(ji)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。這(zhe)將極大(da)拓展有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產業的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)空間，同(tong)時將帶動硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)烷偶聯劑和硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)樹脂等(deng)其他有(you)機硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費。