硅橡膠是指主鏈由(you)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)和氧原子交替構成，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)原子上通常(chang)連有(you)(you)兩個有(you)(you)機基團的(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠。普通的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠主要由(you)含甲基和少量乙烯基的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)氧鏈節組成。苯基的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)可(ke)提高(gao)(gao)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)高(gao)(gao)、低(di)溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，三氟丙基及(ji)氰(qing)基的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)則可(ke)提高(gao)(gao)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)溫及(ji)耐(nai)(nai)油性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠耐(nai)(nai)低(di)溫性(xing)(xing)能(neng)良好(hao)，一般在(zai)(zai)-55℃下(xia)仍(reng)能(neng)工作(zuo)。引(yin)(yin)入(ru)苯基后，可(ke)達-73℃。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)也很突出(chu)，在(zai)(zai)180℃下(xia)可(ke)長(chang)期工作(zuo)，稍(shao)高(gao)(gao)于200℃也能(neng)承受數周或更長(chang)時(shi)間仍(reng)有(you)(you)彈性(xing)(xing)，瞬時(shi)可(ke)耐(nai)(nai)300℃以上的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠的(de)(de)(de)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，氧氣(qi)透過率在(zai)(zai)合成聚合物(wu)中(zhong)是較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠還具有(you)(you)生理惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)、不會導(dao)致凝(ning)血的(de)(de)(de)突出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)，因此在(zai)(zai)醫用(yong)領(ling)域應(ying)用(yong)廣泛。

    主要品種

    硅橡膠分(fen)類的方法很多(duo)，通常(chang)按固化

    前的形態(tai)分(fen)為(wei)固體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)和液體硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按硫(liu)化溫(wen)(wen)度分(fen)為(wei)室溫(wen)(wen)硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，高溫(wen)(wen)硫(liu)化硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)；按所用(yong)單體的不同，可分(fen)為(wei)甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)乙(yi)烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)，甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)苯基(ji)(ji)乙(yi)烯基(ji)(ji)硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氟硅(gui)(gui)，腈硅(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)等；按性能和用(yong)途的不同又(you)可分(fen)為(wei)通用(yong)型(xing)(xing)、超耐(nai)低溫(wen)(wen)型(xing)(xing)、超耐(nai)高溫(wen)(wen)型(xing)(xing)、高強(qiang)力型(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)油型(xing)(xing)、醫用(yong)型(xing)(xing)等等。

    發展史

    硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)早期是(shi)由美國(guo)以三氯化(hua)鐵為(wei)催化(hua)劑合成(cheng)的(de)(de)。1945年(nian)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)產品問世。1948年(nian)，采(cai)用高比表面積的(de)(de)氣相法白炭(tan)黑(hei)補強的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)研制成(cheng)功，使(shi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)性能躍(yue)升(sheng)到(dao)實用階段，奠定了現代硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產技術的(de)(de)基礎。從二甲基二氯硅(gui)(gui)(gui)烷合成(cheng)開(kai)(kai)始生產硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)國(guo)家有美國(guo)。俄(e)羅斯、德國(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)和中國(guo)等。中國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)研究始于(yu)1957年(nian)，多家研究所和企(qi)業(ye)(ye)陸續開(kai)(kai)發出各種硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)。到(dao)2003年(nian)底，中國(guo)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)生產能力為(wei)135千(qian)噸(dun)，其中高溫(wen)膠(jiao)(jiao)100千(qian)噸(dun)。

    高溫硫(liu)化硅橡膠

    高(gao)溫硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)指聚硅氧烷變成(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)體的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程是(shi)(shi)經過(guo)高(gao)溫（110-170℃）硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。它主要以高(gao)分子量的(de)(de)(de)聚甲基乙烯(xi)基硅氧烷為生膠(jiao)(jiao)，混(hun)入補強填料、硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)等，在加(jia)熱加(jia)壓下硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)體。硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)補強主要是(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)白炭黑，可使硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)強度增(zeng)加(jia)數十倍(bei)。有(you)時為了(le)降低(di)成(cheng)本或(huo)改善(shan)膠(jiao)(jiao)料性(xing)(xing)(xing)能及賦(fu)予硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，也加(jia)入相應的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)。硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)機過(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物或(huo)加(jia)成(cheng)反應催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)。

    加工成型(xing)方法如(ru)圖(tu)所(suo)示(shi)。一次硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)的目的是進行(xing)高(gao)分子鏈的交聯(lian)反應(ying)；二次硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)的目的是進行(xing)補(bu)充交聯(lian)、驅除硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)分解產物和其(qi)他揮發性(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物以(yi)穩(wen)定硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)膠(jiao)的各(ge)項性(xing)能。常用的設(she)備有開(kai)放式煉(lian)膠(jiao)機(ji)、捏合機(ji)及(ji)真空密煉(lian)機(ji)。

    主要性能

   （1）高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)特(te)征是(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，雖然常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)僅(jin)是(shi)天然橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或某些合成橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)一(yi)半，但在200℃以上(shang)的(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)，硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)持(chi)一(yi)定的(de)(de)柔(rou)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面硬度(du)，且力學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)明顯變化。（2）低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)玻璃化溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)一(yi)般為-70~-50℃，特(te)殊(shu)配方可達-100℃，表明其低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優異。這對航空、宇(yu)航工業的(de)(de)意(yi)義重大(da)。（3）耐候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中Si-O-Si鍵對氧(yang)、臭氧(yang)及紫外線等十(shi)分穩定，在不(bu)加任何添加劑(ji)的(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，就具(ju)有(you)優良的(de)(de)耐候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。（4）電(dian)(dian)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)優異的(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，耐電(dian)(dian)暈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)耐電(dian)(dian)弧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也非常(chang)(chang)(chang)好。（5）物(wu)理(li)(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)比通用(yong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)，但在150℃的(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)-50℃的(de)(de)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)，其物(wu)理(li)(li)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)優于通用(yong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。（6）耐油及化學(xue)試劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。普通硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)具(ju)有(you)中等的(de)(de)耐油、耐溶劑(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。（7）氣體(ti)透過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)對空氣、氮、氧(yang)、二氧(yang)化碳等氣體(ti)的(de)(de)透氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比天然橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)出30-50倍(bei)。（8）生理(li)(li)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)無(wu)毒，無(wu)味，無(wu)嗅，與人體(ti)組(zu)織不(bu)粘連，具(ju)有(you)抗凝血作(zuo)用(yong)，對肌(ji)體(ti)組(zu)織的(de)(de)反(fan)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)非常(chang)(chang)(chang)少。特(te)別適(shi)合作(zuo)為醫用(yong)材料。

    硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)的用量

    據中國汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)協會統計，2012年(nian)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)產銷分別達到1927.18萬(wan)輛和1930.64萬(wan)輛，同比分別增(zeng)長4.63%和4.33%，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)的用(yong)量約達2.0萬(wan)t。根據觀研天下的新研究(jiu)，增(zeng)加有(you)(you)機(ji)硅(gui)材料在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)零部件(jian)方面的用(yong)量，可以(yi)大幅(fu)度提高汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的安全性能(neng)，因此，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)產量和單車(che)(che)用(yong)量水平的提高都將(jiang)推動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)對硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)需(xu)求的增(zeng)加。國家鼓(gu)勵(li)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發展(zhan)，關鍵(jian)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)零部件(jian)實現自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)化，《2012年(nian)度黨政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關公務用(yong)車(che)(che)選(xuan)用(yong)車(che)(che)型目錄(lu)（征求意見稿(gao)）》為(wei)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)擴大在政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)的市場份額，為(wei)改變目前國內政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)以(yi)合資品牌(pai)產品為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的局面提供了保障(zhang)。促(cu)進自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)品牌(pai)發展(zhan)，國產汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)業(ye)(ye)的繁榮將(jiang)為(wei)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)膠(jiao)的應用(yong)提供有(you)(you)力保障(zhang)。預(yu)測未來3年(nian)，我國室溫(wen)硫化硅(gui)橡膠(jiao)在汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)行業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)以(yi)年(nian)均(jun)20%增(zeng)長。

    此外，硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)是重要的(de)非(fei)石(shi)油(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，約(yue)占(zhan)非(fei)石(shi)油(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)消(xiao)費量的(de)98%。但因為石(shi)油(you)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)大幅上(shang)漲，同時我(wo)(wo)國(guo)在(zai)硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)關(guan)鍵原料有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)單體(ti)的(de)生(sheng)產技術方(fang)面取得(de)突破(po)，有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)單體(ti)的(de)生(sheng)產技術在(zai)2005年前(qian)被幾家跨國(guo)公(gong)司(si)壟(long)斷，但目前(qian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)已(yi)發展(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)為全球(qiu)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)單體(ti)第1大國(guo)，這2個方(fang)面原因使硅(gui)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)價(jia)(jia)格從(cong)2011年起(qi)開(kai)始低(di)于(yu)石(shi)油(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，僅約(yue)為大宗石(shi)油(you)基橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)80%～90%，成(cheng)為廉(lian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)，并開(kai)始大規模替(ti)代(dai)石(shi)油(you)基合成(cheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)。這將(jiang)極大拓展(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)產業(ye)的(de)市場空(kong)間，同時將(jiang)帶動(dong)硅(gui)油(you)、硅(gui)烷偶聯(lian)劑(ji)和硅(gui)樹(shu)脂等其他有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)硅(gui)產品(pin)的(de)消(xiao)費。