表面活性劑(surfactant)，是指(zhi)具有固定的(de)親水(shui)(shui)親油基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，在溶液(ye)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)能定向(xiang)排列(lie)，并能使表(biao)面(mian)張力(li)顯著下降的(de)物質(zhi)。表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑的(de)分子(zi)結構具有兩親性(xing)：一端為(wei)親水(shui)(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，另(ling)一端為(wei)憎水(shui)(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)；親水(shui)(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)常(chang)為(wei)極性(xing)的(de)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，如羧酸(suan)、磺(huang)酸(suan)、硫酸(suan)、氨基(ji)(ji)或胺(an)基(ji)(ji)及其鹽，也(ye)可是羥基(ji)(ji)、酰胺(an)基(ji)(ji)、醚鍵等；而憎水(shui)(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)常(chang)為(wei)非極性(xing)烴鏈，如8個(ge)碳(tan)原子(zi)以上烴鏈。表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑分為(wei)離子(zi)型(xing)表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑和(he)非離子(zi)型(xing)表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑等。

    增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)：要求：C>CMC(HLB13~18)臨界膠(jiao)束(shu)濃度(du)(du)(du)(CMC)：表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分(fen)子(zi)締(di)合(he)形(xing)成膠(jiao)束(shu)的(de)最低(di)(di)濃度(du)(du)(du)。當(dang)其(qi)濃度(du)(du)(du)高于CMC值時，表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)排列成球狀、棒狀、束(shu)狀、層狀/板(ban)狀等結構。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)系為(wei)(wei)熱力學平衡體(ti)(ti)系；CMC越(yue)(yue)低(di)(di)、締(di)合(he)數越(yue)(yue)大(da)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)量(MAC)就越(yue)(yue)高；溫度(du)(du)(du)對增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)：溫度(du)(du)(du)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)膠(jiao)束(shu)的(de)形(xing)成，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)質的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)(du)Krafft點(dian)(dian)(dian)：離(li)子(zi)型(xing)(xing)表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)(du)隨溫度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加而急劇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大(da)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)溫度(du)(du)(du)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)Krafft點(dian)(dian)(dian)，Krafft點(dian)(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)高，其(qi)臨界膠(jiao)束(shu)濃度(du)(du)(du)越(yue)(yue)小曇(tan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)：對于聚氧乙烯(xi)型(xing)(xing)非離(li)子(zi)表面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)，溫度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高到一(yi)定程度(du)(du)(du)時，溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)(du)急劇下降并析出(chu)，溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液出(chu)現(xian)混濁(zhuo)(zhuo)，這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)現(xian)象稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)起(qi)曇(tan)，此溫度(du)(du)(du)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)曇(tan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。在聚氧乙烯(xi)鏈(lian)(lian)相同時，碳(tan)氫鏈(lian)(lian)越(yue)(yue)長(chang)，濁(zhuo)(zhuo)點(dian)(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)低(di)(di)；在碳(tan)氫鏈(lian)(lian)相同時，聚氧乙烯(xi)鏈(lian)(lian)越(yue)(yue)長(chang)則濁(zhuo)(zhuo)點(dian)(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)高。

    乳(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)作用：親(qin)(qin)水(shui)親(qin)(qin)油(you)平衡(heng)值(zhi)(HLB)：表面活性劑分子(zi)中親(qin)(qin)水(shui)和親(qin)(qin)油(you)基(ji)團對油(you)或水(shui)的綜合親(qin)(qin)合力(li)。根據經驗，將表面活性劑的HLB值(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)限定在0-40，非離子(zi)型(xing)的HLB值(zhi)在0-20。混合加和性：HLB=(HLBaWa+HLBb/Wb)/(Wa+Wb)理論計(ji)算：HLB=∑(親(qin)(qin)水(shui)基(ji)團HLB值(zhi))+∑(親(qin)(qin)油(you)基(ji)團HLB)-7HLB：3-8W/O型(xing)乳(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)劑：Tween；一價(jia)皂(zao)HLB：8-16O/W型(xing)乳(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)劑：Span；二價(jia)皂(zao)。

    潤(run)(run)濕作用(yong)：要求：HLB：7-9。使用(yong)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)可(ke)以控制液、固之間(jian)的潤(run)(run)濕程度。農藥行業中(zhong)在粒劑(ji)及供噴(pen)粉用(yong)的粉劑(ji)中(zhong)，有(you)的也含(han)有(you)一定量的表面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)，其目的是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了提高(gao)藥劑(ji)在受藥表面(mian)(mian)(mian)的附著性和沉(chen)積量，提高(gao)有(you)效成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)在有(you)水分(fen)(fen)條件下的釋放(fang)速(su)度和擴展(zhan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積，提高(gao)防病、治病效果。在化妝品行業中(zhong)，做(zuo)為(wei)(wei)乳(ru)化劑(ji)是(shi)乳(ru)霜(shuang)、乳(ru)液、潔(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、卸妝等護(hu)膚產品中(zhong)不可(ke)或缺的成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)。

    助懸(xuan)作用(yong)：在農(nong)藥行業(ye)，可濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑(ji)、乳油及濃乳劑(ji)都需(xu)要有一定量的表面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)，如可濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑(ji)中原(yuan)藥多為(wei)有機化(hua)合物(wu)，具有憎水性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，只(zhi)有在表面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)存在的條件下(xia)，降低水的表面張力，藥粒才有可能(neng)被水所潤濕，形成水懸(xuan)液(ye)；

    起泡(pao)和消泡(pao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)：表(biao)面(mian)活性劑在醫藥行業也有廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。在藥劑中(zhong)，一些揮發(fa)油脂溶(rong)性纖維(wei)素、甾(zai)體激素等許(xu)多難溶(rong)性藥物(wu)利用(yong)(yong)表(biao)面(mian)活性劑的(de)增溶(rong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)可形成透(tou)明(ming)溶(rong)液及增加濃度；藥劑制(zhi)備過程(cheng)中(zhong)，它是(shi)不可缺(que)少(shao)的(de)乳化劑、潤濕(shi)劑、助懸(xuan)劑、起泡(pao)劑和消泡(pao)劑等。

    消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、殺菌：在醫藥行業中可作為殺菌劑(ji)和(he)消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)劑(ji)使(shi)用(yong)，其殺菌和(he)消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)作用(yong)歸結于它們與細菌生物膜蛋白質的(de)強烈(lie)相互(hu)作用(yong)使(shi)之變性或失去功能，這些(xie)消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)劑(ji)在水中都(dou)有(you)比(bi)較大的(de)溶解度，根(gen)據使(shi)用(yong)濃度，可用(yong)于手(shou)術前皮膚消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、傷口或粘膜消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、器械消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)環境消毒(du)(du)(du)(du)；

    去垢(gou)、洗滌作用：去除油脂污垢(gou)是一個比較(jiao)復雜的(de)過程(cheng)，它(ta)與上面提到的(de)潤(run)濕、起(qi)泡等作用均有關(guan)。

資訊來源： 供應商(shang)  揚(yang)州(zhou)晨化新材料股份有限公司