試驗設添加表面活性劑(APG)和不加表面活性(xing)劑的對照(CK)兩個(ge)(ge)處理(li),每個(ge)(ge)處理(li)3個(ge)(ge)重復。表面活性(xing)劑APG的添加量為(wei)100mg kg?1(堆料(liao))。在(zai)堆置(zhi)過程中,分(fen)別(bie)于堆肥的第0d、3d、5d、7d、14d、21d、28d從堆肥的不同(tong)部位采集樣品,充分(fen)混合(he)后(hou)測定堆肥的微生物數量以(yi)及酶活性(xing)。試驗共(gong)堆制30 d(2008年8月11日~9月9日)。
堆肥溫度由PT-100鉑電極測定,測定位置為堆肥中心部位,分別(bie)在每天上午10:00和下午17:00測定。微生物數量測定采用(yong)平板菌落計數法[29]。細(xi)菌、放線菌、真菌計數所(suo)用(yong)培(pei)(pei)養基(ji)(ji)分別(bie)為牛肉膏(gao)蛋白胨瓊(qiong)脂培(pei)(pei)養基(ji)(ji)、孟加拉紅瓊(qiong)脂培(pei)(pei)養基(ji)(ji)、改(gai)良高(gao)氏一號(hao)培(pei)(pei)養基(ji)(ji)。
酶(mei)活(huo)性測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)法:脲(niao)(niao)酶(mei)活(huo)性測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)脲(niao)(niao)素(su)為基質(zhi)進(jin)行酶(mei)促反(fan)(fan)應,測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)成的(de)(de)氨量(liang)來表示(shi)脲(niao)(niao)酶(mei)活(huo)性;過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)酶(mei)活(huo)性測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)法,在(zai)酸性條(tiao)件下用(yong)0.1mol L?1高錳酸鉀(jia)滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)反(fan)(fan)應混合物中的(de)(de)過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing),根據高錳酸鉀(jia)的(de)(de)濃度和體積以(yi)(yi)及過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)濃度求得過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)體積,用(yong)反(fan)(fan)應前后(hou)(hou)過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)消耗量(liang)表示(shi)過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)酶(mei)活(huo)性,活(huo)性單位(wei)為mmol g?1;轉化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)活(huo)性是(shi)以(yi)(yi)蔗糖為底物,經轉化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)水解后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)成還原糖,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)3,5-二硝基水楊酸比(bi)色法進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding),活(huo)性單位(wei)以(yi)(yi)mg(葡萄糖) g?1 24h?1;纖維(wei)(wei)素(su)酶(mei)活(huo)性測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)DNS法,即(ji)用(yong)羧甲基纖維(wei)(wei)素(su)鈉(na)鹽作(zuo)底物,經纖維(wei)(wei)素(su)酶(mei)水解后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)成還原糖,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)同樣(yang)用(yong)3,5-二硝基水楊酸法測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)還原糖含量(liang),纖維(wei)(wei)素(su)酶(mei)活(huo)性的(de)(de)單位(wei)是(shi)μg·min?1。
生(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)作為由微生(sheng)物(wu)產生(sheng)的一類新型(xing)表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji),相(xiang)對(dui)于化學(xue)表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)有(you)低毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、可降解(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)相(xiang)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、高效性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)諸(zhu)多(duo)優勢(shi),因(yin)此不僅(jin)在石油開采和(he)運輸(shu)、制(zhi)藥工(gong)(gong)業(ye)、食品(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)、紡織工(gong)(gong)業(ye)和(he)化妝品(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)等(deng)領域應用(yong)廣泛,而且在環(huan)境(jing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)領域特別是(shi)土(tu)壤修復中的應用(yong)也得到(dao)了越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)的關注。在固體有(you)機(ji)廢棄物(wu)好氧堆(dui)肥(fei)過程(cheng)中加入(ru)生(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji),可改善堆(dui)肥(fei)處理的微環(huan)境(jing),促進有(you)機(ji)質的降解(jie),加快堆(dui)肥(fei)進程(cheng)。
然(ran)而,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)仍只有少數產(chan)品走向市場,大多數品種處于(yu)(yu)試驗研究階段,主要(yao)是由于(yu)(yu)它的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)較高(gao),據估計生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是化(hua)(hua)學表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)3~10倍。同時,一些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)菌(jun)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)如銅綠假單胞菌(jun)(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是農用(yong)(yong)堆肥(fei)(fei)和微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)所禁用(yong)(yong)的(de)菌(jun)種。因此,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)農用(yong)(yong)堆肥(fei)(fei)受(shou)到(dao)極大的(de)限制。根據文獻報(bao)道,添加化(hua)(hua)學表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)吐溫-80能夠(gou)增加纖維素酶活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing),促進纖維素類物質的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物降解。將化(hua)(hua)學表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)好氧堆肥(fei)(fei)以(yi)加速堆肥(fei)(fei)進程(cheng),至(zhi)今少有報(bao)道。