生物表面活性劑是微生(sheng)物的(de)(de)次級代謝產物，它本身具(ju)(ju)有既親油又(you)親水(shui)的(de)(de)兩親性(xing)分子結構(gou)，具(ju)(ju)有分散、增溶、潤濕、滲透等特(te)性(xing)，能夠降低(di)界面張(zhang)力(li)和(he)表(biao)(biao)面張(zhang)力(li)。與合(he)成(cheng)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)相比生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)具(ju)(ju)有更好的(de)(de)生(sheng)物可降解性(xing)、生(sheng)物可適(shi)應性(xing)以及環(huan)境友(you)好性(xing)等特(te)性(xing)。大多(duo)數生(sheng)物表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)是陰離(li)子型和(he)中性(xing)的(de)(de)，疏水(shui)基(ji)團多(duo)數是不(bu)飽和(he)或羥基(ji)取(qu)代脂肪酸，親水(shui)基(ji)團則是由單糖(tang)(tang)、二糖(tang)(tang)、多(duo)糖(tang)(tang)、羧酸、氨(an)基(ji)酸等組成(cheng)。它們的(de)(de)臨(lin)界膠束濃度一般在1～200mg/L之間，分子500～1500amu。

烷基糖苷具有(you)兩(liang)親(qin)性(xing)結構，它(ta)(ta)可以(yi)通過調(diao)節細胞表面(mian)的疏水(shui)(shui)特(te)性(xing)來改(gai)變微生物細胞與有(you)機物之間的親(qin)和(he)力，從(cong)而(er)促進土壤(rang)中難溶有(you)機物的分(fen)散和(he)吸(xi)收。生物表面(mian)活性(xing)劑已經被證明能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)增強土壤(rang)中烴類的去除(chu)效(xiao)率，它(ta)(ta)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)有(you)效(xiao)的降(jiang)低土壤(rang)中難溶有(you)機物與水(shui)(shui)的界(jie)面(mian)張(zhang)力。

在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)修復中(zhong)，生(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)作(zuo)用效果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素，吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑容易導致(zhi)(zhi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑損失，阻礙活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸，同(tong)時也影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)了(le)土(tu)壤(rang)顆粒上(shang)疏水性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)染物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)，阻礙了(le)污(wu)染物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)去除。另外，大(da)多(duo)生(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑是(shi)多(duo)組分的(de)(de)(de)(de)，由于疏水性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別，在(zai)(zai)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)和傳輸過程中(zhong)容易造成表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成發生(sheng)改變(bian)，導致(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)，這樣(yang)必(bi)然影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)了(le)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用效果(guo)，因此(ci)了(le)解生(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)很有必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

Wouter H等人通過(guo)序批(pi)式實驗(yan)和柱實驗(yan)分(fen)析了(le)多組(zu)分(fen)鼠(shu)李(li)糖(tang)(tang)脂在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)性、吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)因素以(yi)及吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)各組(zu)分(fen)的(de)(de)變化情況，提出(chu)鼠(shu)李(li)糖(tang)(tang)脂的(de)(de)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)是一(yi)個在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機質中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)分(fen)配過(guo)程而是一(yi)個發(fa)生在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)—水(shui)界(jie)面(mian)上的(de)(de)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)過(guo)程，高濃(nong)度的(de)(de)鼠(shu)李(li)糖(tang)(tang)脂能夠降低土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)對鼠(shu)李(li)糖(tang)(tang)脂的(de)(de)阻滯系數，減小(xiao)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)對它的(de)(de)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)修復過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)生物表面(mian)活性劑的(de)(de)組(zu)分(fen)變化也會影響(xiang)表面(mian)活性劑的(de)(de)臨(lin)界(jie)膠束濃(nong)度以(yi)及增(zeng)溶、乳(ru)化特性，為了(le)避免組(zu)分(fen)改變，在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)修復中(zhong)(zhong)應該選用(yong)高濃(nong)度的(de)(de)生物表面(mian)活性劑。