含氟表面活性劑的獨特性能常被概括為“三(san)高”、“兩(liang)憎”,即高表(biao)面活(huo)性、高耐熱穩(wen)定性及高化(hua)學穩(wen)定性;它的含氟烴基既憎水又憎油。

含(han)(han)氟表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)其水溶(rong)液(ye)的低表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)張力(li)可達(da)到20ｍＮ/ｍ以下,甚至到15ｍＮ/ｍ左右。一般碳氫鏈(lian)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的應用(yong)濃度需在0 1%～1%之間,此時(shi)水溶(rong)液(ye)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)張力(li)只(zhi)能降到30～35ｍＮ/ｍ,而碳氟鏈(lian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的用(yong)量在0、005%～0、1%時(shi),就能使水溶(rong)液(ye)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)張力(li)降至 20ｍＮ/ｍ以下。含(han)(han)氟表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)如此突出的高表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)以致其水溶(rong)液(ye)可在烴油表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)鋪展。

含(han)氟表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)有很高的(de)(de)耐熱(re)(re)性(xing)(xing),如固(gu)態的(de)(de)全氟烷基磺(huang)酸鉀,加(jia)熱(re)(re)到420℃以上才開(kai)始(shi)分解,因而(er)可(ke)在300℃以上的(de)(de)溫度(du)下使用。含(han)氟表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)有很高的(de)(de)化學穩定性(xing)(xing),它可(ke)抵抗強氧化劑(ji)、強酸和(he)強堿的(de)(de)作用,而(er)且(qie)在這種溶(rong)液中仍能保持良好(hao)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)。若(ruo)將其制成油溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)還可(ke)降低有機溶(rong)劑(ji)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)張力。

研究表(biao)(biao)(biao)明,含氟(fu)(fu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)高表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)是由(you)于其分(fen)(fen)子(zi)間的(de)(de)(de)范德華引力(li)(li)小造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de),活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)從水(shui)(shui)溶液(ye)中移(yi)至溶液(ye)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所需的(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)力(li)(li)小,導致了活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)在溶液(ye)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)集,形(xing)成(cheng)強烈的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)吸(xi)附(fu),而(er)這(zhe)類化(hua)合(he)物不僅對水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)親和力(li)(li)小,而(er)且(qie)對碳(tan)氫化(hua)合(he)物的(de)(de)(de)親和力(li)(li)也較小,因(yin)此(ci)形(xing)成(cheng)了既(ji)憎水(shui)(shui)又(you)憎油(you)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing),但(dan)它對油(you)/水(shui)(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)作用能(neng)力(li)(li)不強,如將含氟(fu)(fu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)與(yu)碳(tan)氫表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)復配使用,利用含氟(fu)(fu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)能(neng)選擇性(xing)(xing)地(di)吸(xi)附(fu)在水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),使表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)降(jiang)低;而(er)碳(tan)氫表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)能(neng)吸(xi)附(fu)在油(you)/水(shui)(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上,使界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)降(jiang)低, 這(zhe)樣就必定(ding)會提高水(shui)(shui)溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)潤濕性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。

含(han)氟(fu)表面(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)是特種表面(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)中重要的品(pin)種,有很多碳氫表面(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)不可替(ti)代(dai)的用途(tu)。含(han)氟(fu)表面(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)主(zhu)要以全氟(fu)烷基(ji)或全氟(fu)烯基(ji)或部(bu)份(fen)氟(fu)化了的烷基(ji)等作(zuo)為疏水基(ji)部(bu)分,然后(hou)再按需(xu)要引入適當(dang)的連接(jie)基(ji)及親(qin)水基(ji)團(tuan),根據親(qin)水基(ji)團(tuan)性(xing)質的不同(tong)分別制(zhi)得陰離子型(xing)(xing)、陽離子型(xing)(xing)、非(fei)離子型(xing)(xing)及兩性(xing)型(xing)(xing)等不同(tong)系(xi)列的含(han)氟(fu)表面(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)產品(pin)。