表面活性劑分(fen)子(zi)締合形成(cheng)膠束的低濃度(du)(du)。當其濃度(du)(du)高于CMC值(zhi)時,表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)劑的排(pai)列成(cheng)球狀、棒(bang)狀、束狀、層(ceng)狀/板狀等結(jie)構。 ???
增(zeng)溶(rong)體系(xi)為熱力(li)學平衡體系(xi);CMC 越(yue)(yue)低(di)、締(di)合數越(yue)(yue)大(da),增(zeng)溶(rong)量(MAC)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)高(gao);溫 度(du)對增(zeng)溶(rong)的(de)(de)影(ying)響:溫度(du)影(ying)響膠(jiao)束的(de)(de)形(xing)成,影(ying)響增(zeng)溶(rong)質的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie),影(ying)響表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)?離子型(xing)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)隨溫度(du)增(zeng)加而急劇(ju)增(zeng)大(da)這一溫度(du)稱為Krafft點,Krafft點越(yue)(yue)高(gao),其臨(lin)界膠(jiao)束濃(nong)度(du)越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)。 ?
對于聚氧乙烯(xi)型非離子(zi)表(biao)面(mian)活性劑(ji),溫度升(sheng)高到(dao)一定(ding)程度時(shi)(shi),溶(rong)解度急劇下降并(bing)析出(chu),溶(rong)液出(chu)現(xian)(xian)混濁,這一現(xian)(xian)象稱(cheng)為起曇(tan),此溫度稱(cheng)為曇(tan)點(dian)。在聚氧乙烯(xi)鏈(lian)相同時(shi)(shi),碳(tan)氫鏈(lian)越長,濁點(dian)越低;在碳(tan)氫鏈(lian)相同時(shi)(shi),聚氧乙烯(xi)鏈(lian)越長則濁點(dian)越高。 ???
非極性(xing)(xing)有(you)機物如(ru)苯在水中溶(rong)解(jie)度很小,?加入(ru)油酸(suan)鈉(na)等(deng)表面活性(xing)(xing)劑后,?苯在水中的(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加,?這稱為增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)作用。 增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)作用與(yu)普通的(de)溶(rong)解(jie)概念是不同的(de),?增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)的(de)苯不是均(jun)勻分(fen)散在水中,?而是分(fen)散在油酸(suan)根(gen)分(fen)子形成的(de)膠束中。經X 射線衍射證實,?增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)后各種(zhong)膠束都有(you)不同程度的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da),?而整個溶(rong)液的(de)的(de)依數(shu)性(xing)(xing)變化不大(da)(da)。
表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)隨水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)(xing)成膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan)有(you)一個變化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程,溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)極低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)極稀溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),空氣(qi)和水幾乎(hu)是直接(jie)接(jie)觸著(zhu),水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)下降不(bu)(bu)多(duo),接(jie)近純水狀態,水中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)只有(you)不(bu)(bu)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分子(zi),當(dang)稍微增(zeng)加表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分子(zi)就會很快聚集到水面(mian)(mian),其(qi)對水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)蓋使水和空氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸減少(shao),溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)急劇(ju)下降。而在(zai)(zai)水中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)一部(bu)分聚集在(zai)(zai)一起(qi),這(zhe)些表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)憎(zeng)水基互相靠在(zai)(zai)一起(qi),開始形(xing)(xing)成小膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan),隨著(zhu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)加,當(dang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)達(da)(da)到飽和吸附(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)開始形(xing)(xing)成緊密排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)分子(zi)膜。當(dang)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)達(da)(da)到表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)降至(zhi)低(di)值。如果在(zai)(zai)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)達(da)(da)到臨界(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)之后(hou),再繼續增(zeng)加表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),雖然溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)增(zeng)加,但溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)幾乎(hu)不(bu)(bu)再下降,此時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan)數(shu)目和聚集數(shu)增(zeng)加,溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)是由膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),納米粉體(ti)(ti)合(he)成所利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微反應器就是此時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan), 然后(hou)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)漸(jian)漸(jian)向形(xing)(xing)成液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)晶(jing)狀態變化(hua)(hua)(hua)。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)達(da)(da)到CMC時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi), 表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)會隨其(qi)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加形(xing)(xing)成膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)團(tuan)(tuan),這(zhe)一現(xian)象體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)與濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)曲線(r-1gc曲線) 上出現(xian)轉折點,而溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質出現(xian)非理想性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。