多數輕革在鞣制后還應進行染色處理，染色后的皮革呈現出各種鮮艷的顏色，不僅美觀，增加革制品的多樣性，而且能防污、防垢，提高使用性能。色澤的好壞直接影響成革的外觀質量，為了改善染色質量，在皮革染色中需加入勻染劑、潤濕劑等表面活性劑，以改善染(ran)料(liao)在(zai)皮革中的滲(shen)透(tou)與結(jie)合(he)，使染(ran)色(se)均勻、深透(tou)。 

表面活性劑作(zuo)為(wei)染(ran)(ran)色助劑的作(zuo)用(yong)原理與(yu)紡(fang)織(zhi)品的染(ran)(ran)色助劑作(zuo)用(yong)基(ji)本相同。但被(bei)染(ran)(ran)物皮(pi)(pi)革(ge)(ge)的性能比(bi)紡(fang)織(zhi)品復(fu)(fu)雜，如皮(pi)(pi)革(ge)(ge)比(bi)紡(fang)織(zhi)品厚，構造(zao)和電(dian)荷性質復(fu)(fu)雜，皮(pi)(pi)與(yu)皮(pi)(pi)之間(jian)、皮(pi)(pi)的各部(bu)位間(jian)差別(bie)大，染(ran)(ran)色溫度(du)也 不能太高（一般不超(chao)過60℃）等。皮(pi)(pi)革(ge)(ge)染(ran)(ran)色助劑要(yao)有優良(liang)的滲透(tou)性、勻(yun)染(ran)(ran)性，使所(suo)染(ran)(ran)顏色均勻(yun)、鮮艷、飽 滿、堅牢度(du)高，耐光性好，毛(mao)被(bei)光亮松散柔軟，不得防(fang) 礙整理或涂飾(shi)時涂飾(shi)材料(liao)的鋪展和粘著(zhu)。 

制染色后的(de)皮(pi)革，因為失水(shui)干燥(zao)而失去柔(rou)軟(ruan)性和(he)彈性，必須進行(xing)加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)處理。加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)是在(zai)鞣(rou)制后和(he)干燥(zao)前將油脂(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)引入皮(pi)內，使其在(zai)皮(pi)纖維(wei)表面形成一層油膜，潤(run)滑皮(pi)纖維(wei)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)止在(zai)干燥(zao)時皮(pi)纖維(wei)黏結，從而使皮(pi)革柔(rou)軟(ruan)，增(zeng)加(jia)皮(pi)革的(de)豐滿(man)(man)性、延伸性、強(qiang)度和(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)性，防(fang)(fang)(fang)止皮(pi)革變硬。皮(pi)革經過加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)，抗張強(qiang)度提(ti)高，柔(rou)軟(ruan)性、豐滿(man)(man)度得(de)到顯(xian)著改善。 

加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)制革生產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)量大的(de)一類專用(yong)化工(gong)材料。常用(yong)的(de)加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)材料為(wei)天(tian)然(ran)動植物(wu)油、脂(zhi)(zhi)和礦物(wu)油等及它們的(de)改性(xing)產(chan)品和合(he)成加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)。表面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)乳(ru)(ru)液(ye)加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基礎，是(shi)(shi)加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)除中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)油外的(de)主要成分。加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)表面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)用(yong)量多時可達(da)50%左(zuo)右，用(yong)其(qi)使油脂(zhi)(zhi)乳(ru)(ru)化，并(bing)滲透到皮纖(xian)維的(de)更(geng)深層(ceng)次。表面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)本(ben)身若具(ju)有優(you)異的(de)柔軟、抗靜電和防水(shui)等性(xing)能則(ze)加(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)果更(geng)好。 

可以用于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)革工藝中加(jia)脂(zhi)劑制(zhi)備的表面活性劑品種很(hen)多，如烷(wan)基磺酰(xian)胺、烷(wan)基磺酰(xian)胺乙酸(suan)鈉(na)(na)、烷(wan)基磺酸(suan)鈉(na)(na)、脂(zhi)肪醇(chun)磷酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)、脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)聚乙二(er)醇(chun)酯(zhi)(zhi)、平(ping)平(ping)加(jia)、AEO-9、OP-10、Span-80、Span-60、Tween-80、1631、BS-12和咪唑(zuo)啉(lin)型兩性表面活性劑等。事實上陰離子、陽離子、非(fei)離子和兩性表面活性劑都可作(zuo)為乳化(hua)劑用于(yu)(yu)加(jia)脂(zhi)劑的制(zhi)備。 

目(mu)前所用的加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按其原料來源(yuan)可(ke)分成(cheng)(cheng)天然油(you)(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)產品(pin)和(he)(he)石油(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)產品(pin)兩(liang)大類，按化學組成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)可(ke)分為天然油(you)(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、礦物油(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、 多性能加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、復合(he)(he)型加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、結合(he)(he)型加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 等[13] 。 皮(pi)革加(jia)(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)現已日益(yi)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)原料，而表面活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是其重要組分。 

皮革(ge)(ge)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按其中乳化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)親水基(ji)所帶電荷分(fen)為非離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、陰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一般分(fen)別由陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與中性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)油(you)、水和(he)(he)非離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)配置(zhi)而成。在皮革(ge)(ge)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)用(yong)量都比較少，但它(ta)們(men)的(de)使用(yong)會(hui)明顯改善皮革(ge)(ge)的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。國內有用(yong)陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進行復配，得到新型(xing)(xing)(xing)陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮革(ge)(ge)加(jia)(jia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)報道。