生(sheng)物烷基糖苷表面活性劑是由微生物產生的一類具有表面活性的生物化合物，除具有化學合成表面活性劑的理化特性外，還具有無毒、高效等優點，其應用前景非常廣闊，并有可能成為化學合成表面活性劑的替代品或升級換代品。本文概述了近年來在有機污染生物修復中生物表面活性劑的研究進展，并展望了該技術的發展方向。這將為在我國開展該方法的研究和應用打下基礎。

土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)，由于它的(de)持久性(xing)和對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)健(jian)康的(de)潛(qian)在威脅，越來越受(shou)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)們的(de)關注。殘留在土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)有(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)，不僅(jin)影響(xiang)土壤(rang)(rang)的(de)正常(chang)功(gong)能，降低土壤(rang)(rang)環境(jing)質量，而(er)且還可(ke)以通過生物(wu)(wu)富集進入食(shi)物(wu)(wu)鏈，危及人(ren)(ren)體(ti)健(jian)康。在污(wu)染土壤(rang)(rang)修(xiu)復(fu)中(zhong)，微生物(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)技術與(yu)物(wu)(wu)理(li)、化學修(xiu)復(fu)相比具有(you)非破壞性(xing)、經濟性(xing)和安全性(xing)的(de)優點。使其成為(wei)最有(you)前途的(de)污(wu)染環境(jing)修(xiu)復(fu)技術之(zhi)一。? 

由于(yu)(yu)有機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)疏水(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、以及污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)能會(hui)被(bei)強烈吸附在土(tu)壤顆粒(li)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)進入(ru)土(tu)壤孔隙，使水(shui)溶(rong)液中污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濃度(du)(du)降(jiang)低(di)(di)(di)，造成(cheng)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)隔離。由于(yu)(yu)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不能利(li)用極低(di)(di)(di)濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，導致污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解停(ting)止或(huo)減緩。因(yin)此(ci)，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修復中降(jiang)解有機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)決定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)影響因(yin)素是污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)水(shui)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)使其生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)利(li)用性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)到限制(zhi)。但可(ke)以通過施加表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)?活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)來(lai)增加有機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，改善難降(jiang)解有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)利(li)用性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，促進有機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解。化學(xue)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)，其增溶(rong)能力有限，修復效率(lv)較低(di)(di)(di)、成(cheng)本(ben)較高，且易(yi)造成(cheng)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。與化學(xue)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)相比，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)具有更(geng)(geng)(geng)低(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，更(geng)(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)環境相容性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，更(geng)(geng)(geng)低(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)等(deng)特(te)點，近來(lai)受(shou)到了更(geng)(geng)(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)重視，相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)研究也(ye)越來(lai)越多(duo)。

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（Biosurfactants）是(shi)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)家(jia)族中的(de)后起之秀(xiu)，它是(shi)由微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)一類具有表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)大分(fen)子(zi)物(wu)(wu)質，多數由細菌、酵母菌、真菌（霉菌）等(deng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)。微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)依(yi)據他們的(de)化學(xue)組成和微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)來源可分(fen)為糖(tang)脂(zhi)、脂(zhi)肪(fang)、多糖(tang)蛋白質絡合物(wu)(wu)、磷脂(zhi)和脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸或(huo)中性(xing)(xing)(xing)脂(zhi)等(deng)五大類，許(xu)多微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)都能分(fen)泌出生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（見表1）。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)多為陰離子(zi)型(xing)，其CMC通常(chang)在1～200mg/L之間，其分(fen)子(zi)質量范圍為500~1500Da。? 

和(he)傳統的(de)(de)化學(xue)合成(cheng)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)相比(bi)，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)有(you)(you)許(xu)多明顯的(de)(de)優(you)勢：（1）更強(qiang)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面和(he)界面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；（2）對熱的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；（3）對離(li)子強(qiang)度的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；（4）生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)可(ke)降(jiang)解(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；（5）低毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等。如在萘表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)增(zeng)溶降(jiang)解(jie)試驗中，菌株Rhodococcus?species?413A分泌(mi)的(de)(de)糖脂類生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)對降(jiang)解(jie)菌的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)只(zhi)有(you)(you)TW－80的(de)(de)一半。由于這些(xie)顯著特點(dian)，使生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)廣泛應用，并有(you)(you)可(ke)能逐步替(ti)代化學(xue)合成(cheng)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)。?