生物烷基糖苷表面活性劑是由微生物產生的一類具有表面活性的生物化合物，除具有化學合成表面活性劑的理化特性外，還具有無毒、高效等優點，其應用前景非常廣闊，并有可能成為化學合成表面活性劑的替代品或升級換代品。本文概述了近年來在有機污染生物修復中生物表面活性劑的研究進展，并展望了該技術的發展方向。這將為在我國開展該方法的研究和應用打下基礎。

土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)有(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)，由于它的(de)持久性和對(dui)人體健康的(de)潛(qian)在(zai)威脅，越來越受到人們(men)的(de)關(guan)注。殘(can)留在(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)有(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)，不僅影響(xiang)土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)正常功能，降(jiang)低土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境質(zhi)量，而且還可以通過(guo)生物(wu)富集進入食物(wu)鏈，危及人體健康。在(zai)污(wu)染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)修復中(zhong)，微生物(wu)修復技術(shu)與(yu)物(wu)理、化(hua)學(xue)修復相比具(ju)有(you)(you)非破壞性、經濟(ji)性和安全性的(de)優點。使其成為最有(you)(you)前途的(de)污(wu)染(ran)環(huan)境修復技術(shu)之一。? 

由于有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)疏水性(xing)(xing)、以(yi)及污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)能會被強(qiang)烈吸附在(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)顆粒(li)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)或進入土(tu)壤(rang)孔隙，使水溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度降低(di)(di)，造成(cheng)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)隔離。由于微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不能利(li)(li)用(yong)極低(di)(di)濃(nong)度的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，導致污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解(jie)(jie)停止或減緩。因此，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修復中降解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)決定性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)影響因素是污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)水溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)，這使其生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)利(li)(li)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)受到(dao)限制。但可(ke)以(yi)通過施加表(biao)面(mian)(mian)?活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)來增(zeng)加有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)性(xing)(xing)，改(gai)善難降解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)利(li)(li)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)，促進有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解(jie)(jie)。化學表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，其增(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)能力有(you)(you)限，修復效率較低(di)(di)、成(cheng)本較高，且易造成(cheng)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。與化學表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)比(bi)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)(you)更低(di)(di)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)，更好的(de)(de)環境相(xiang)容性(xing)(xing)，更低(di)(di)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本等特點，近來受到(dao)了更多(duo)的(de)(de)重視，相(xiang)關的(de)(de)研究也越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)。

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)（Biosurfactants）是表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)家族中(zhong)的后起之(zhi)秀，它是由微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的一(yi)類具有表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)大(da)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)物(wu)質，多(duo)(duo)數由細菌、酵母菌、真菌（霉菌）等(deng)(deng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)依據(ju)他們的化學組成和(he)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)來源可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)糖脂、脂肪(fang)(fang)、多(duo)(duo)糖蛋白質絡(luo)合物(wu)、磷脂和(he)脂肪(fang)(fang)酸或(huo)中(zhong)性脂等(deng)(deng)五大(da)類，許多(duo)(duo)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)都能分(fen)(fen)泌出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)（見表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)1）。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)陰離子(zi)型，其(qi)CMC通(tong)常在1～200mg/L之(zhi)間，其(qi)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)質量范圍為(wei)(wei)500~1500Da。? 

和傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)合(he)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑相(xiang)比，生物(wu)(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑有許多明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)：（1）更強的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)和界(jie)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)；（2）對熱的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)；（3）對離子強度的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)；（4）生物(wu)(wu)可降解(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)；（5）低(di)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)等。如在萘表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑增溶降解(jie)試驗中，菌(jun)株(zhu)Rhodococcus?species?413A分泌的(de)(de)(de)糖脂類生物(wu)(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑對降解(jie)菌(jun)的(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)只有TW－80的(de)(de)(de)一半。由于(yu)這(zhe)些(xie)顯(xian)著特點，使生物(wu)(wu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑廣泛應用，并有可能(neng)逐步替代化(hua)學(xue)合(he)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑。?